Quantification of perfluorocarbons emissions during high voltage anode effects using non-linear approach

Dion, Lukas; Marks, Jerry; Kiss, László I.; Poncsák, Sándor; Lagacé, Charles-Luc

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.199

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…al. [30], since the TIER 3 methods are based on the average performance of a given industry, the respective coe cients S CF4 or OVC CF4 and the EF C2F6 need to be periodically rede ned through continuous measurement campaigns in order to avoid large deviations from the PFC values.…”

Section: Ipcc Standard Methodology For Quantifying Pfc Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Fukurozaki¹,

Landgraf

2021

Preprint

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Over the past decade, the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) has been recognized as one of the key factors for sustainable primary metal production, in which the rare earth (RE) industry can be affected both in terms of price and use by GHG reduction policies and non-tariff technical barriers. From environmental and economic standpoint, the perfluorocarbons (PFC) emissions generated in RE electrolysis during events known as anode effects (AE) are strong infrared-absorbing GHG and play an important role for RE metals process improvements. However, there is no standard methodology to account these GHG emissions from RE metal production industry and the assessment of the contribution of PFC emissions from different technologies to the global warming is urgently needed. This paper focuses on the analysis of PFC measurements from RE metal production in terms of GHG inventory and sustainable production. The state of art of RE fused oxide-fluoride electrolysis, particularly of neodymium electrolysis, provides the technical fundamentals for the evaluation of PFC emissions factors reported in scientific articles. Based on International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) standard methods and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International Aluminium Institute (IAI) protocol applied to analogous industrial process, the analysis of key issues for estimate CF4 and C2F6 emission factors from electrolytic RE production indicates the additional refinements are necessary to optimize the accuracy of total PFC emission amount from each currently RE technology. Additionally, the selection of emission estimation technique (EET) or mix EET should be considered on case-by-case basis as to their purposes and suitability for a particular process and facility. Finally, this paper highlights the technological implications related to the PFC emissions measurements and trends towards to set goals and develop strategies for GHG mitigation.

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Section: Ipcc Standard Methodology For Quantifying Pfc Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Fukurozaki¹,

Landgraf

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In summary, the emission of PFC is inherent to the process and their rate can be highly variable, depending on the concentration of oxides, current density of the anode and the occurrence of AE. All of these parameters are interrelated and will dictate whether eventually the LV-AE will exceed the limit of the voltage required to generate AE [30]. Usually, PFC concentrations rise during conventional AE and rapidly, depending on the production control system and technology, decrease to atmospheric levels when this effect ceases [31,32].…”

Section: Anode Effects and Pfc Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AE, polarized AE duration, etc.). Similarly, innovative and non-linear models using an approach that identify and account the PFC emissions related to AE, L-AE and N-AE have been developed and applied to estimate the total amount of PFC emissions in the smelter industry [30].…”

Section: Technological Implications and Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Fukurozaki¹,

Landgraf²

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the past decade, the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) has been recognized as one of the key factors for sustainable primary metal production, in which the rare earth (RE) industry can be affected both in terms of price and use by GHG reduction policies and nontariff technical barriers. From environmental and economic standpoint, the perfluorocarbons (PFC) emissions generated in RE electrolysis during events known as anode effects (AE) are strong infrared-absorbing GHG and play an important role for RE metals process improvements. However, there is no standard methodology to account these GHG emissions from RE metal production industry and the assessment of the contribution of PFC emissions from different technologies to the global warming is urgently needed. This paper focuses on the analysis of PFC measurements from RE metal production in terms of GHG inventory and sustainable production. The state of art of RE fused oxide-fluoride electrolysis, particularly of neodymium electrolysis, provides the technical fundamentals for the evaluation of PFC emissions factors reported in scientific articles. Based on International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) standard methods and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International Aluminium Institute (IAI) protocol applied to analogous industrial process, the analysis of key issues for estimate CF4 and C2F6 emission factors from electrolytic RE production indicates the additional refinements are necessary to optimize the accuracy of total PFC emission amount from each currently RE technology. Additionally, the selection of emission estimation technique (EET) or mix EET should be considered on case-by-case basis as to their purposes and suitability for a particular process and facility. Finally, this paper highlights the technological implications related to the PFC emissions measurements and trends towards to set goals and develop strategies for GHG mitigation.

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“…[ 10–13 ] These factors cause the workshop to release more PFC gas and SO 2 gas. [ 14 ] According to international standards, as the main component of PFC gas, CF 4 has a greenhouse effect 6500 times that of CO 2 , while SO 2 damages the environment and endangers human health. Both these gases are huge challenges to environmental protection and development of the aluminum industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First‐principles study of the adsorption mechanism of SO₂ and CF₄ on the α‐Al₂O₃ (0001) surface

Hong-liang

et al. 2020

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

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Due to greenhouse gas emission restrictions and environmental protection requirements, the treatment of SO2 and Perfluorinated compound gas has become a problem in the aluminum electrolysis industry. Based on the density functional theory, the adsorption mechanisms of SO2 and CF4 on the surface of clean α‐Al2O3 (0001) were studied. Using projected augmented wave/Perdew‐Burke‐Ernzerhof for calculation, it can be found that SO2 is adsorbed to form an AlO1SO2 structure, and the most stable adsorption energy is −1.52 eV. The adsorption of SO2 is mainly due to the action of π‐p orbitals and the partial contribution of sp2 hybrid orbitals and s orbitals. The most stable adsorption energy of CF4 is −0.38 eV, and it is difficult to transfer charge on the surface. Overall, SO2 is chemisorbed on the clean surface, while CF4 is physisorbed, and their coadsorption with H2O is disadvantageous to the adsorption reaction. These results are very important for understanding the adsorption mechanism of CF4 and SO2 on alumina.

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Quantification of perfluorocarbons emissions during high voltage anode effects using non-linear approach

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

First‐principles study of the adsorption mechanism of SO₂ and CF₄ on the α‐Al₂O₃ (0001) surface

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Quantification of perfluorocarbons emissions during high voltage anode effects using non-linear approach

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

First‐principles study of the adsorption mechanism of SO2 and CF4 on the α‐Al2O3 (0001) surface

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First‐principles study of the adsorption mechanism of SO₂ and CF₄ on the α‐Al₂O₃ (0001) surface