Quantification of Primary Frequency Control Provision from Battery Energy Storage Systems Connected to Active Distribution Networks

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the provision of primary frequency control by using battery energy storage systems (BESSs). In particular, we use a standard droop-based frequency control for a BESS where the control action (i.e. the BESS power output) consists in the contribution of two additive terms: the regulating power, proportional to the frequency deviations, and an offset term computed to manage the BESS State-of-Energy (SOE). In the context of such a control scheme, we propose a method to forecast the BESS energy for regulation needs and we show that the inclusion of such a forecast can increase the regulating power provision. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach by means of a real-scale experimental setup composed by a grid-connected 720 kVA/560 kWh BESS installed at the EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Day-Ahead and Intra-Day Planning of Integrated BESS-PV Systems Providing Frequency Regulation

“…In particular, in [35] and [9] PFR is coupled with the dispatch of the active power demand of a distribution feeder. Moreover, such as other works previously cited, these two works are focused on the usage of batteries in transmission and distribution level.…”

Optimal Combination of Frequency Control and Peak Shaving With Battery Storage Systems

“…Work in [12]- [15] shows the ability and estimates the value of BESSs performing peak shaving. Other work [16]- [18] has been devoted to BESSs providing frequency control services and the design of a recharge controller.…”

“…shows how the stochastic optimisation(16) succeeds in aggregating FCR capacity of the two batteries while performing peak shaving at the two sites. The two coloured areas in Figures 4a and 4b represent the FCR capacity of the sites r i , which add up to form a constant aggregated FCR capacity r = 0.88 MW.…”

“…The two coloured areas in Figures 4a and 4b represent the FCR capacity of the sites r i , which add up to form a constant aggregated FCR capacity r = 0.88 MW. However, at times when consumption at site 1 is expected to be high, mainly during the day, this Value function V d of the optimisation(16) and V rule d of the rule-based controller (Alg. 1).…”

Frequency stability assessment of modern power systems: Models definition and parameters identification

“…In this respect, system operators are, and will, facing new challenges to operate their grids safely, since phenomena that used to be uncommon in traditional power grids, such as large frequency modulations and rapid frequency variations, are more likely to be experienced. In this context, the co-existence of conventional generation units with renewable resources needs to be included in the grid regulation schemes [1,2,3,4].…”