Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines

One-year monthly survey of rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus in three sewage treatment plants in Beijing, China and associated health risk assessment

“…Even this level of risk is relatively cautious, given the much higher actual incidence of diarrheal disease occurring in both industrialized and developing countries. In our study, a risk of rotavirus infection per year of 10 À2 was used as the reference level of acceptable risk (Seidu et al 2008). The observed maximum P a value was 4.5 Â 10 À1 , which was much higher than this acceptance level.…”

“…Rotavirus was a subgroup of enteric viruses that were known to cause gastroenteritis. It was highly infectious (Parashar et al 2003) and has been widely used as a representative organism for enteric viruses in risk assessment of wastewater reuse (Hamilton et al 2006;Seidu et al 2008). Detection of viral genomes may be considered insufficient to identify infectious risk for the human population (Gassilloud et al 2003;Rutjes et al 2009).…”

“…A study in Uganda also showed a higher infection risk per year (8.87 Â 10 À1 and 9.85 Â 10 À1 ) (Howard et al 2006).The estimated risks from rotavirus infections recorded in this assessment should be interpreted with some caution. The health risks presented here should not be misconstrued as a representative for all the possible enteric virus infections because of the diverse symptoms of enteric virus infections (Seidu et al 2008).…”

Design of Post-Treatment Unit for Compost from a Composting Toilet with Microbial Risk Assessment

“…Comparing Ascaris and norovirus, norovirus requires more time than Ascaris to reach safe level of 10 -4 pppy [15]. Therefore, norovirus is more important indicator for the design of the unit, even Ascaris eggs have possibility to survive several months in a soil system [16].…”

“…Seidu et al [16] reported increased levels of Ascaris and rotavirus infection for farmers due to accidental ingestion of contaminated soils. The estimated median risk values for farmers were 0.99 and 7.2 × 10 -2 pppy for Ascariasis and rotavirus.…”