Quantification of zearalenone and α-zearalenol in swine liver and reproductive tissues using GC-MS

Abstract

The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of swine feed which has been related to a wide range of reproductive anomalies in swine, such as pelvic organ prolapse, anestrous, and pseudopregnancy. New information is needed to understand how ZEN and related metabolites accumulate in swine reproductive tissues. We conducted a feeding study to track ZEN and the metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in swine liver and reproductive tissues. Thirty pubertal gilts were randomly assigned one of three treatments, with ten pigs in each treatment group: (1) base feed with solvent for 21 days, (2) ZEN-spiked feed for seven days followed by base feed with solvent for 14 days, and (3) ZEN-spiked feed for 21 days. At the end of the trial, liver, anterior vagina, posterior vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and broad ligament were collected from pigs. ZEN was found in the anterior vagina, posterior vagina, cervix, and ovaries, with significantly higher concentrations in the cervix relative to other reproductive tissues. ZEN and α-ZEL were found in liver tissue from pigs in each treatment group. Our results show that ZEN accumulates more in the cervix than other reproductive tissues. The presence of ZEN in reproductive tissues may be indicative of ZEN-related reproductive symptoms. Future work could examine how ZEN concentrations vary in reproductive tissues as a factor of the pigs age, weight, sex, or parity, to establish parameters that make pig more sensitive to ZEN.

Zearalenone Affect the Intestinal Villi Associated with the Distribution and the Expression of Ghrelin and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Weaned Gilts

“…Fusarium , a kind of fungi, is widely distributed in nature and is common in North America, Asia and Europe with mild climates [ 1 ]. Mycotoxins are produced by Fusarium , which is a major and serious threat to animal and human health, as well as livestock production [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. In terms of animal health and productivity, the most important mycotoxins were trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B 1 [ 5 , 6 ].…”

“…The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most sensitive tissues to these mycotoxins [ 1 ]. Studies have shown that mycotoxins can damage animal intestines through impairing the reduction–oxidation reaction balance of the body, affecting the digestive tract function and causing intestinal villus atrophy and an inflammatory response in the intestinal epithelial cells of piglets [ 3 , 7 , 8 ]. Some in vitro studies have shown that food contaminated by ZEA and ZEA metabolites can affect the synthesis of porcine cytokines and the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelium [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Improvement of Cell Growth of Uterosacral Ligament Fibroblast Derived from Pelvic Organ Prolapse Patients by Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treated Liquid

“…POP is defined as "the genesis of single or additional of the anterior wall of vagina, posterior wall of vaginal, the cervix or the peak of the vagina" [3]. A loss of regular connection and support leads to entry of the pelvic organs into the vaginal canal [4], affecting 50% of all women over 50 years of age [5]. Rarely, the pelvic organs directly cause life-threatening disease due to weakening of the pelvic support structure (muscle, fascia, and tongue), causing the uterus, bladder, rectum, and small intestine to protrude from the vagina [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Novel Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunochromatography Paper-Based Sensor with Signal Amplification Strategy for Detection of Deoxynivalenol

“…There are many methods for the detection of DON. Instrumental analysis methods include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 8 ], Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [ 4 ], ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [ 9 ], gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [ 10 ], and high-performance liquid capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) [ 11 ]. HPLC is currently the most commonly used confirmative detection method for mycotoxins [ 12 ].…”