Quantifying Blast Effects on Constructed Facilities behind Blast Walls

Schuldt, Steven J.; El‐Rayes, Khaled

doi:10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001015

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This methodology was then adapted for a fence wall barrier by Gencel et al (2015). The work of Zhou and Hao (2008) was extended by Steven and Khaled (2017) for frangible walls, by using a correction factor based on the effectiveness (in alleviating pressure and impulse) of 12 materials that were available in literature. This method was then compared with the VAPO software, and the results were found to be on the conservative side.…”

Section: Prediction Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast wave interaction with structures – An overview

Isaac

Alshammari

Pickering

et al. 2022

International Journal of Protective Structures

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Blast–obstacle interaction is a complex, multi-faceted problem. Whilst engineering-level tools exist for predicting blast parameters (e.g. peak pressure, impulse and loading duration) in geometrically simple settings, a blast wave is fundamentally altered upon interaction with an object in its path, and hence, the loading parameters are themselves affected. This article presents a comprehensive review of key research in this area. The review is formed of five main parts, each describing: the direct loading of a blast wave on the surface of a finite-sized structure; the modified pressure of the blast wave in the wake region of three main obstacle types – blast walls, obstacles, wall/obstacle hybrids; and finally, a brief description of some methods for predicting loading parameters in such blast–obstacle interaction settings. Key findings relate to the mechanisms governing blast attenuation, for example, diffraction, reflection (diverting away from the target structure), expansion/volume increase, vortex creation/growth, as well as obstacle properties influencing these, such as porosity (blockage ratio), obstacle shape, number of obstacles/rows, arrangement and surface roughness.

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Section: Prediction Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast wave interaction with structures – An overview

Isaac

Alshammari

Pickering

et al. 2022

International Journal of Protective Structures

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“…The present model utilizes a recently developed method for quantifying blast effects on buildings behind blast walls in order to compute the percentage of a building within five specified damage levels: minimal, minor, moderate, heavy, and severe, and to calculate the total percent building destruction [22]. The present model uses these percentages to quantify the physical and psychological impacts on building occupants.…”

Section: Input Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Physical and Psychological Impacts of Explosive Attacks on Building Occupants

Schuldt

Soylemezoglu

Garfinkle

et al. 2019

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment

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Personnel suffer devastating physical and psychological impacts from explosive terrorist attacks targeting buildings. Explosive attacks produced 42,972 casualties in 2017 alone and survivors of terrorist attacks experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at rates as high as 40%. Designers use three primary strategies to protect buildings and their occupants against explosive terrorist attacks:(1) maximize the distance between a building and where an explosive can be easily placed; (2) construct perimeter blast walls; and (3) employ blast-resistant building materials. This paper presents a personnel impact assessment model capable of efficiently quantifying physical and psychological impacts experienced by the occupants of buildings damaged by explosive attacks. The model provides a comprehensive analysis of significant personnel impacts, including fatalities, serious injuries, minor injuries, and occurrences of PTSD. Model performance was evaluated using case studies of single and multi-building sites, and the results illustrated the model's expediency and flexibility. These capabilities are expected to assist building designers in their critical task of analyzing and selecting the design strategy that minimizes the security risks to site personnel from the threat of explosive terrorist attacks.

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“…DL is represented as a weighted average of the destruction level suffered by all buildings on site and is calculated by summing up all the products of the damage level of each building and its importance weight (w i ), which is assigned by designers to designate buildings that are most critical to the site mission. The damage level of each building is calculated using a recently developed model for quantifying blast effects on facilities behind blast walls [15]. Beginning at the blast center, this developed methodology computes the distances from the blast location at which five decreasing levels of building destruction occur (severe, heavy, moderate, minor, and minimal) for each unique design combination of blast charge weight, perimeter blast wall location, type, and height, and building material.…”

Section: Model Objective Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal tradeoffs between the security and cost of critical buildings and infrastructure systems

Schuldt

El‐Rayes²

2018

Int. J. SAFE

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Explosive terrorist attacks targeting critical buildings and infrastructure systems pose a formidable threat worldwide, having caused 12,425 casualties and $20 billion in direct economic losses in 2015 alone. Designers of these critical buildings attempt to minimize the security risks to site personnel and buildings by analyzing and selecting the most effective combination of: (1) increasing the standoff distance between site assets and potential locations of explosive attacks; (2) constructing blast-mitigating perimeter walls; and (3) hardening site facilities. To support designers in this critical and challenging task, this paper presents the development of a multi-objective optimization model capable of generating optimal tradeoffs between minimizing total site destruction levels and minimizing site construction costs. The model computations are performed utilizing the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) because of its proven capability in modeling non-linear objective functions and constraints, and its successful modeling of previous facility layout problems. The model performance was evaluated using a case study of a hypothetical military forward operating base, and the results illustrated the novel capabilities of the developed model in identifying design configurations that generate optimal tradeoffs between the aforementioned optimization objectives. These capabilities are expected to support designers in their ongoing efforts to construct cost-effective sites that minimize the security risks to personnel and buildings from the threat of explosive terrorist attacks.

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Quantifying Blast Effects on Constructed Facilities behind Blast Walls

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Blast wave interaction with structures – An overview

Blast wave interaction with structures – An overview

Quantifying Physical and Psychological Impacts of Explosive Attacks on Building Occupants

Optimal tradeoffs between the security and cost of critical buildings and infrastructure systems

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