Quantifying electric vehicle battery degradation from driving vs. vehicle-to-grid services

Abstract

The risk of accelerated electric vehicle battery degradation is commonly cited as a concern inhibiting the implementation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. However, little quantitative evidence exists in prior literature to refute or substantiate these concerns for different grid services that vehicles may offer. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to quantify electric vehicle (EV) battery degradation from driving only vs. driving and several vehicle-grid services, based on a semi-empirical lithium-ion battery capacity fade model. A detailed EV battery pack thermal model and EV powertrain model are utilized to capture the time-varying battery temperature and working parameters including current, internal resistance and state-of-charge (SOC), while an EV is driving and offering various grid services. We use the proposed method to simulate the battery degradation impacts from multiple vehicle-grid services including peak load shaving, frequency regulation and net load shaping. The degradation impact of these grid services is compared against baseline cases for driving and uncontrolled charging only, for several different cases of vehicle itineraries, driving distances, and climate conditions. Ten-year degradation simulation results show that frequency regulation and peak load shaving at power rates typical for vehicle charging and discharging will not significantly accelerate battery degradation in comparison to the degradation incurred from driving and calendar aging.

Vehicle-to-grid feasibility: A techno-economic analysis of EV-based energy storage

“…Battery degradation effects is a parameter of considerable uncertainty, and has been explored in detail in previous work [38][39][40][41][42]. Using a methodology applied previously in work on the impact of V2G on battery degradation [43],q a cost of degradation (C Deg ) can be assigned per kWh of energy transferred.…”

The Mutual Impact of Demand Response Programs and Renewable Energies: A Survey

“…The third category in the literature is associated with flexible demand-side resources, for instance, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and demand side management solutions, specifically demand response [24][25][26]. Electric vehicles were taken into account as adaptable portable battery storages.…”

“…A model of Plug-in vehicles was designed to discover a strategy to decrease the charging load peak by the considerable amount of 47% [26]. Measuring the electric vehicle battery degradation was imposed in [25]. The cost of battery degradation and the impact of frequency regulation besides peak load shaving on battery degradation were investigated in the mentioned reference.…”

Comparison Study of Two Semi-Active Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications and Their Experimental Validation

“…Currently lithium-ion batteries are widely used as auxiliary energy storage system (ESS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), owing to their high energy density, reliable safety and competitive low cost [1,2]. However, the HEV will work in exhaustive ways and the frequent charging/discharging during cycling will seriously affect the lifetime of batteries used on board [3].…”