“…Conventional geostatistical methods (e.g., kriging) use the two-point variogram (or covariance) to describe spatial structures; recently the three-point variogram has been advocated [Strebelle, 2002;Krishnan and Journel, 2003;Journel and Zhang, 2006;Feyen and Caers, 2006]. An alternate geostatistical method, one that does not use a variogram, uses transition probability and Markov chains (TP/MC) to describe spatial structures of categorical data [e.g., Carle andFogg, 1996, 1997;Fogg et al, 1998;Carle, 1999;Weissmann et al, 1999;Li et al, 1999;Ritzi, 2000;Elfeki and Dekking, 2001;Lu and Zhang, 2002;Park et al, 2004;Dai et al, 2005;Sivakumar et al, 2005;Maji et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2006;Li, 2007aLi, , 2007bLee et al, 2007;Dai et al, 2007;Sun et al, 2008].…”