Quantifying Water at the Organic Film/Hydroxylated Substrate Interface

Nguyen, Tinh; Byrd, Eric; Bentz, Dale P.

doi:10.1080/00218469508028161

Cited by 45 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As discussed in details previously, 40,41 the intensity increase of the water bands and intensity decrease of the coating material bands is a result of water entering the coating/substrate interfacial region and interacting with the evanescent wave, and is not a result of the film swelling due to water uptake. As the thickness of the water layer at the coating/substrate interface increased with exposure, the amount of the coating material within the probing depth of the evanescent wave decreased, as observed for the 1510 cm -1 band, because the coating was pushed further away from the substrate.…”

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Because SiO 2 is a highly ener- getic material, under ambient conditions the SiO 2 -covered Si substrate (SiO 2 -Si) is always covered with a layer of silanol groups and adsorbed water. 41 Thus, the chemical functional groups on the surface of this substrate are similar to those of steel and aluminum, which are, under normal conditions, also covered with hydroxylated oxide. 43 Therefore, although the thickness of the water layer at the epoxy/grit-blasted steel substrate might not be the same as that for the epoxy/SiO 2 -Si system, the effect should be the same; that is, water did enter and form a layer many monolayers thick at the coating/steel substrate interface.…”

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…43 Therefore, although the thickness of the water layer at the epoxy/grit-blasted steel substrate might not be the same as that for the epoxy/SiO 2 -Si system, the effect should be the same; that is, water did enter and form a layer many monolayers thick at the coating/steel substrate interface. Nguyen and coworkers [40][41][42] have shown that the thickness of the water layer at the coating/substrate interface varies with coating type and surface treatment of the substrate. For example, essentially no water was observed at the interface for stochiometrically mixed clear aminecured epoxy on the silane-treated SiO 2 -Si substrate, a few nanometers for a clear model epoxy, but tens of nanometers for commercial alkyds, water-reducible epoxy, and asphalts on cleaned, untreated SiO 2 -Si substrates.…”

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Extensive FTIR-MIR data and analyses for in-situ measurement of water at the polymer/substrate interface have been reported for other organic materials on substrates, including water-reducible epoxy, unpigmented epoxies, alkyds, and asphalts. 16,[40][41][42] The amount and thickness of water at the interface between a fusion-bonded epoxy coating and an Si prism substrate were determined, and the results are displayed in Figure 13b. The thickness and mass data were calculated using the FTIR-MIR in-situ data given in Figure 13a and a two-layer model derived rigorously from the internal reflection spectroscopy given previously.…”

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modes and mechanisms for the degradation of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel in a marine concrete environment

Nguyen

Martin

2004

J Coat. Technol. Res.

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Fusion-bonded epoxy is used extensively to protect steel reinforcing bars from corrosion. This coating has proven to be a cost-effective material for increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures. However, field observations have reported premature corrosion of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated reinforcing bars used in marine concrete environments, leading to severe cracking and spalling of the reinforced concretes. This study was initiated to provide a better understanding of the modes and mechanisms of the corrosion of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel exposed in a marine concrete environment. Grit-blasted steel panels were coated with two commercial fusion-bonded powder epoxy coatings at two thicknesses. Half of the coated panels were scribed, the other half were non-scribed. The panels were immersed in a saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 0.6 mole/liter sodium chloride maintained at either 35°C or 50°C. Degradation was characterized and followed by infrared thermography, wet adhesion, and microscopic and analytical chemical techniques. Unscribed panels exhibited only water-induced adhesion loss, most of which was recovered after drying. However, in addition to the water-induced adhesion loss, scribed panels exhibited two modes of failure: anodic blistering near the scribe mark and cathodic delamination around the anodic blisters. Anodic blistering was attributed to localized crevice corrosion under the coating followed by blistering via an osmotic pressure mechanism. Cathodic delamination was probably induced by the alkaline cathodic reaction products, and water-induced adhesion loss was due to the presence of a water layer at the coating/steel interface.

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Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Water-induced Adhesion Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Modes and mechanisms for the degradation of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel in a marine concrete environment

Nguyen

Martin

2004

J Coat. Technol. Res.

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“…Using FTIR-MIR techniques, quantitative information on the thickness of the water layer at the coating substrate interface has been provided. 294,295 It was found that multiple coats delay the accumulation of water at the interface, and that the thickness of the water layer at the interface increased with increasingly applied potential. Similar results have been obtained by other authors.…”

Section: Weak Wet Adhesionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Anticorrosive coatings: a review

et al. 2009

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Correlating Interfacial Moisture Content and Adhesive Fracture Energy of Polymer Coatings on Different Surfaces

2006

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Sn-Ag-Cu alloy. The Sn-Ag-Cu-Ge alloy solder ball had higher ball shear strength than the Sn-Ag-Cu alloy after an aging test at 150°C. The Sn-Ag-Cu-Ge alloy solder has better characteristics for both thermal oxidation and thermal reliability test. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Sn-Ag-Cu-Ge alloy is a good candidate to solve the oxidation problem, which is the most critical problem of the Pb-free solder. ExperimentalTwo solder ball compositions (in wt%) chosen in this study were : Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu and Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu0.05Ge, and had a diameter of 0.450 mm. The substrate used was CSP with 144 pad openings and each pad was 0.38 mm in diameter. The pads had an electroplated Ni/Au surface finish over Cu trace, with about 0.5 and 5.0 lm in thickness respectively. The solder balls from each composition were bonded to the CSP substrate using a water soluble flux under a reflow oven. The reflow condition is that preheating was done for 2 min at 150°C, the peak temperature was 235°C, and the dwell time was 60 sec.The solder balls after one were then analyzed or subjected to either multiple reflow up to 5 times or aging at 150°C for a duration up to 500 hs. XPS was utilized to check the oxide layer thickness and examine the surface chemical composition. We assumed that the oxide thickness can be defined by oxygen concentration under three atomic percent. The mechanical joint strength of the bonded balls was evaluated with Dage shear tester using a shear speed of 200 lm/s at a shear height of 10 lm.It is well known that ambient moisture and other environmental influences are detrimental to the adhesion of polymeric materials to metal surfaces. The primary reason why adhesion loss occurs is believed to be due to moisture accumulation at the polymer/metal interface. This is why adhesion loss does not generally correlate with the bulk moisture content of the polymer. In this work, we present measurements of the interfacial moisture content and adhesion for a series of polymer coatings having different surface chemistries. Measurements were made after reaching an apparent equilibrium in either a dry (0 % relative humidity) or wet (100 % relative humidity) environment. The loss of adhesion is found to correlate directly with interfacial water content. Surface treatments that resulted in a more hydrophilic surface lead to an increase in the interfacial water content and a decrease in interfacial fracture energy.Ambient moisture is well known to adversely affect the durability and performance of adhesive joints and coatings. [1] The interplay between the mechanical stress and chemical changes in the adhesive joint due to moisture adsorption is generally believed to be the root cause of failure of the adhesive application. Failure typically occurs at the polymer/metal interface, indicating that the primary mechanism for failure is not degradation of the bulk polymer. Instead, the structure of the coating near the interface is the determining factor in COMMUNICATIONS 114

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Quantifying Water at the Organic Film/Hydroxylated Substrate Interface

Cited by 45 publications

References 37 publications

Modes and mechanisms for the degradation of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel in a marine concrete environment

Modes and mechanisms for the degradation of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel in a marine concrete environment

Anticorrosive coatings: a review

Correlating Interfacial Moisture Content and Adhesive Fracture Energy of Polymer Coatings on Different Surfaces

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