Quantitative analysis of C60 fullerene in blood and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array and mass spectrometric detection

Characterisation and determination of fullerenes: A critical review

“…Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is the method typically used for C 60 extraction from environmental [63,109,117,120] biological samples [142,150,151] and cosmetics [152] . The extraction methods and the recoveries reported for fullerenes in complex matrices are included in Table 4.…”

“…Magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 ) and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) together with the addition of glacial acetic acid (GAA) are usually used as destabilizing agents to solubilise the proteins and surfactants and to eliminate emulsion problems during the LLE with toluene. In general, recoveries higher than 90 % are reported [129,142,150,151] .…”

“…Most of the LC and LC-MS methods proposed in the literature for the quantitation of fullerenes in complex matrices were developed for the analysis of environmental samples, and only a limited number are addressed to other sample matrices such as cosmetics [121,152] or biological fluids and tissues [142,150,151] (Table 4). Without any doubt, isotope dilution is the best quantitation method for trace level analysis of organic contaminants in complex samples.…”

“…For instance, this procedure has been reported for the analysis of C 60 in blood, tissues [142,150,151] and in protein containing media [150] . Some of these works are devoted to evaluate fullerene's in vivo toxicity.…”

“…Some of these works are devoted to evaluate fullerene's in vivo toxicity. For example, Moussa et al [151] developed an LC-(-)APCI-MS method for the quantitation of C 60 in blood, liver and spleen samples to evaluate its possible acute toxicity. The method limit of detection was 0.1 ng of C 60 (injected amount) and the results showed that C 60 is well absorbed in tissues and its concentration in different organs varied strongly between the animals.…”