Quantitative analysis of normal smile with 3D stereophotogrammetry – an aid to facial reanimation

Sawyer, Adam; See, Marlene; Nduka, Charles

doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.08.062

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The movement was observed to be greater in the Y and Z planes, as such in similar 3D studies. 23 Okamoto et al 24 observed that the right and left commisure points showed statistically significant asymmetry in the social smile and that there was a laterality toward the left regarding the hemiface size. Additionally, asymmetric smiles can occur in neural pathologies and insufficient muscular tonus in the hemiface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is reported that the right hemisphere of the brain is more dominant and that the left side of the face is more expressive than the right during the smile. 26 Sawyer et al 23 investigated different smile types threedimensionally and reported that there was a maximum 108 directional difference between the right and left morphological points at a range of 0 to 6 mm, and they almost moved symmetrically. Based on the findings of the present study, the difference (95% Cl) between the amounts of movement in the right and left Com during the smile varied within an insignificant range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry

Duran

Di̇ndaroğlu

Görgülü

2016

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To evaluate the social smile symmetry using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric images. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 3D facial images of 30 individuals (age range 13-25 years). The rest position was considered as the reference image and the social smile image was aligned on this image using the best-fit alignment method. The spatial differences between the same points established on both images using 3D analyses were determined for right and left points in X, Y, and Z planes. Results: The highest difference related to spatial distance in right and left points was À0.56 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], À1.19, 0.06 mm) between right and left commissure (Com) points. The difference was not significant, and the Bland-Altman upper and lower limits were À3.85 mm and 2.71 mm, respectively. The highest difference for the transversal plane was found in Com points, similarly to the spatial distance (mean: 0.50 mm, 95% CI, À2.62, 1.02 mm). The differences between the changes in the left and right points in the Y and Z plane were not significant (P . .05). Conclusions: The social smile was observed to show asymmetry in varying amounts in the different directions. Asymmetry increases in some cases, specifically for the corners of the mouth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry

Duran

Di̇ndaroğlu

Görgülü

2016

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…Nineteen suitable candidates (16 female, 3 male) were retrospectively identified. A full set of standardised photos was taken to mean photographs taken with the Nikon D700/D300 with either a 105 mm lens (FX format) or 60 mm lens (DX format) at 1/160 s and f22, under constant lighting using four Bowens lights (Bowens, Clacton on Sea, UK, two backlights and two front lights), on a black background, demonstrating the following poses at maximal intensity under and distance: repose, smiling with (canine/ Hollywood smile) and without showing teeth (Mona Lisa smile), 17 lip puckering, blowing out cheeks and showing the lower teeth. All images were stored on the hospital's secure online database where they are kept for a period of 10 years before deletion.…”

Section: Photogrammetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a new photogrammetric technique to monitor the treatment effect of Botulinum toxin in synkinesis

Mabvuure

Hallam

Venables

et al. 2013

Eye

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Aims To validate a new photogrammetric technique for quantifying eye surface area and using this to quantify the degree of improvement in symmetry in patients with oral-ocular synkinesis following Botulinum toxin injection. Study design Feasibility study and retrospective outcomes analysis Methods Ten patients' photographs were chosen from a photographic database. Their eye surface areas were measured independently by two raters using a graphics tablet. One rater repeated the procedure after 15 days. Bland-Altman plots were computed, ascertaining inter-rater and intra-rater variability. The eye surface areas of 19 patients were then derived from photographs taken before and after Botulinum toxin injections. Paired t-tests were used to analyse the significance of the difference in pre-and post-treatment symmetry. Results Ninety per cent of eye surface areas derived from the two raters were within a coefficient of variation of 0.1 (95% CI: 0.05-0.15). Similarly, 90% of eye surface areas derived from one rater had a coefficient of variation of 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04-0.12). Botulinum toxin significantly reduced synkinesis resulting from lip puckering, Mona Lisa smiling and Hollywood smiling (Po0.05).Conclusions We have proposed a clinically valid tool for quantifying the effects of Botulinum toxin treatment for oral-ocular synkinesis. We recommend this method be used to monitor the response of such patients when receiving Botulinum toxin treatment.Level of evidence 2c.

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“…Various pathologies can alter the activity of facial muscles in static and dynamic conditions, examples are central and peripheral nervous system diseases, muscle disorders, drug administration, scars [1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9][10] . Facial and mandibular movements may also be altered by surgical procedures, either by damage to the facial muscles and soft tissues, or by peripheral nerve lesions [4][5][6]11 .…”

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confidence: 99%