Quantitative Analysis of Proximal and Distal Kinetic Chain Musculature During Dynamic Exercises

Oliver, Gretchen D.; Washington, Jessica; Barfield, Jeff W.; Gascon, Sarah S.; Gilmer, Gabrielle

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002036

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition, the intervention team also performed the pre-throwing exercises provided by the investigator. Previous data examining muscle activations of the LPHC and scapular musculature were used to determine the pre-throwing exercises [32,39,40]. The pre-throwing exercises were presented to the intervention team and they were instructed to perform the exercises in addition to their established warm-up.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

2020

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Though chronic overhand throwing is known to result in range of motion and strength adaptations, there is limited research regarding interventions for maintenance of these characteristics. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to explore the use of a pre-throwing protocol focusing on lumbopelvic-hip complex musculature in high school baseball players and examine its effects on shoulder and hip range of motion and isometric strength over the course of a season. Four exercises were added to the intervention team’s warm-up routine. The control and intervention teams’ passive bilateral hip and shoulder range of motion and isometric strength were assessed pre/post-season. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in delta scores between the teams for multiple shoulder and hip range of motion and isometric strength variables. Key results were the intervention team lost significantly more stride hip external rotation but gained more isometric strength than the control team. The intervention team was also able to better maintain shoulder range of motion than the control team. Practitioners should use the results of this study and consider incorporating exercises that target lumbopelvic-hip complex musculature into their current training program.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

2020

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“…With proper utilization of the kinetic chain, maximum force and energy production can be developed from the lower extremity, then transferred distally through the upper extremity and into the ball. However, previous biomechanical investigations of the windmill softball pitch have focused primarily on the upper extremity, 4,18,19,23–25,30,38,39 with minimal examination of the entire system including the lower extremity and trunk. 10,22…”

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confidence: 99%

Association of Upper Extremity Pain With Softball Pitching Kinematics and Kinetics

Oliver

Friesen

Barfield

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: There is a paucity of research regarding the relationship between fastpitch softball pitching mechanics and reported pain. Thus, understanding the pitching mechanics of athletes pitching with upper extremity pain and those pain free is paramount. Purpose: To examine lower extremity pitching mechanics, upper extremity kinetics, and upper extremity pain in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female softball pitchers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 NCAA Division I female softball pitchers (mean age, 19.84 ± 1.28 years; mean height, 173.67 ± 7.77 cm; mean weight, 78.98 ± 12.40 kg) from across the United States were recruited to participate. Participants were divided into 2 groups: upper extremity pain (n = 13; mean age, 19.69 ± 1.18 years; mean height, 172.60 ± 11.49 cm; mean weight, 86.75 ± 13.02 kg) and pain free (n = 24; mean age, 19.91 ± 1.35 years; mean height, 174.26 ± 4.96 cm; mean weight, 74.78 ± 9.97 kg). An electromagnetic tracking system was used to obtain kinematic and kinetic data during the riseball softball pitch. Results: At foot contact ( F 3,33 = 7.01, P = .001), backward elimination regression revealed that stride length, trunk rotation, and center of mass (COM) significantly explained about 33% of variance with softball pitchers experiencing upper extremity pain (adjusted R 2 = 0.33). Conclusion: At foot contact, the kinematic variables of increased trunk rotation toward the pitching arm side, increased stride length, and a posteriorly shifted COM were associated with upper extremity pain in collegiate softball pitchers. Variables early in the pitching motion that do not set a working and constructive proximal kinetic chain foundation for the rest of the pitch to follow could be associated with breakdowns more distal in the kinetic chain, possibly increasing the susceptibility to upper extremity pain. Clinical Relevance: The identification of pitching mechanics associated with pain allows clinicians to develop exercises to avoid such mechanics. Avoiding mechanics associated with pain may help reduce the prevalence of pain in windmill softball pitchers as well as help coaches incorporate quantitative biomechanics into their instruction.

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“…The muscle bellies of all muscles were abraded and cleaned using 70% isopropyl alcohol solution prior to electrode placement. Bipolar surface electrodes (inter electrode distance: 10mm) were placed over the muscle bellies parallel to the muscle fibers using previously established standards [1,9,17,18]. The use of surface electrodes was chosen because they have been deemed to be a noninvasive technique that is able to reliably detect surface muscle activity [19][20][21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We ran a non-parametric Friedman test followed by a post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For comparison purposes, low muscle activity was considered to be between 0-20% MVIC while moderate activity was 21-40%, high muscle activity was 41-60%, and very high activity was >60% [17,18,25,26].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMG Analysis of Dynamic Warm-up Exercises for Overhead Sports

Williams¹,

Barfield²,

Oliver³

2018

Phys Med Rehabil Res

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Objectives: In overhead throwing sports, traditional pre-throwing programs have focused primarily on the upper extremity. However, training the total body and utilizing both the lower and upper extremity in dynamic overhead movements is becoming more popular and advised. Thus, it was the purpose of this study to examine muscles about the lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC) and scapula during selected exercises that could possibly be utilized in a pre-throwing conditioning program.Design: A controlled laboratory study.Methods: Twenty-one healthy, active individuals (171.1 ± 13.0 cm; 75.5 ± 14.8 kg; 25.3 ± 5.5 years), regardless of sex, volunteered. Surface EMG was utilized to measure muscle activation of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, bilateral gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi and lower trapezius while performing four total body exercises (lungeW, kettlebell swing, kettlebell deadlift, gluteal/hamstring raise).Results: A nonparametric Friedman Test revealed significantly different muscle activations as a factor of exercise for the biceps femoris (χ 2(3) = 21.18, p < .001), gluteus maximus (χ 2(3) = 39.17, p < .001), right gluteus medius (χ 2 (3) = 21.21, p < .001), left gluteus medius (χ 2 (3) = 11.02, p = .012), erector spinae (χ 2 (3) = 28.47, p < .001), and lower trapezius (χ 2(3) = 29.84, p < .001). Conclusion:The four exercises successfully elicited moderate to high muscle activation in all musculature, except the lower trapezius. These results imply that these four exercises could be utilized as a warm-up/pre-throwing protocol to achieve LPHC as proximal scapula muscle activation.

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Quantitative Analysis of Proximal and Distal Kinetic Chain Musculature During Dynamic Exercises

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

Association of Upper Extremity Pain With Softball Pitching Kinematics and Kinetics

EMG Analysis of Dynamic Warm-up Exercises for Overhead Sports

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