Abstract:HighlightChanges in 3D anisotropy across the soybean axis during seed germination revealed a radicle-biased pattern of cell growth and position-specific changes in cell anisotropy.
“…This control takes place mainly in cortical cell layers of the upper embryonic axis, suggesting a tissue-specificity and partially overlapping roles of homeodomain genes [59,60]. Many morphological features related to elongation events and cell wall remodeling in the embryo seem to be conserved between species [375][376][377]. Moreover, the epidermal HD-ZIP-DELLA-L1 box regulatory module was found to be conserved in cotton where it controls fiber cell elongation [378], indicating that it has been recruited by other developmental stages.…”
Section: Regulation Of Germination From a Spatial And Mechanical Persmentioning
The ability of a seed to germinate and establish a plant at the right time of year is of vital importance from an ecological and economical point of view. Due to the fragility of these early growth stages, their swiftness and robustness will impact later developmental stages and crop yield. These traits are modulated by a continuous interaction between the genetic makeup of the plant and the environment from seed production to germination stages. In this review, we have summarized the established knowledge on the control of seed germination from a molecular and a genetic perspective. This serves as a “backbone” to integrate the latest developments in the field. These include the link of germination to events occurring in the mother plant influenced by the environment, the impact of changes in the chromatin landscape, the discovery of new players and new insights related to well-known master regulators. Finally, results from recent studies on hormone transport, signaling, and biophysical and mechanical tissue properties are underscoring the relevance of tissue-specific regulation and the interplay of signals in this crucial developmental process.
“…This control takes place mainly in cortical cell layers of the upper embryonic axis, suggesting a tissue-specificity and partially overlapping roles of homeodomain genes [59,60]. Many morphological features related to elongation events and cell wall remodeling in the embryo seem to be conserved between species [375][376][377]. Moreover, the epidermal HD-ZIP-DELLA-L1 box regulatory module was found to be conserved in cotton where it controls fiber cell elongation [378], indicating that it has been recruited by other developmental stages.…”
Section: Regulation Of Germination From a Spatial And Mechanical Persmentioning
The ability of a seed to germinate and establish a plant at the right time of year is of vital importance from an ecological and economical point of view. Due to the fragility of these early growth stages, their swiftness and robustness will impact later developmental stages and crop yield. These traits are modulated by a continuous interaction between the genetic makeup of the plant and the environment from seed production to germination stages. In this review, we have summarized the established knowledge on the control of seed germination from a molecular and a genetic perspective. This serves as a “backbone” to integrate the latest developments in the field. These include the link of germination to events occurring in the mother plant influenced by the environment, the impact of changes in the chromatin landscape, the discovery of new players and new insights related to well-known master regulators. Finally, results from recent studies on hormone transport, signaling, and biophysical and mechanical tissue properties are underscoring the relevance of tissue-specific regulation and the interplay of signals in this crucial developmental process.
“…For example, several groups of genes have been related to germination sensu stricto (the first stage of the germination process), mainly those involved with DNA repair, such as oxidative stress defense, cell respiration and hydrolysis of reserves, and cell elongation and expansion [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. At the same time, the synchrony between the processes promotes a chain reaction that culminates in the growth of the embryonic axis, which leads to the occurrence of visible germination, i.e., growth of the new individual from the embryo, through the protrusion of the radicle due to the elongation of the transition zone between the hypocotyl and the radicle [ 18 ] as occurring in soybean embryos [ 19 ].…”
The rapid and uniform establishment of crop plants in the field underpins food security through uniform mechanical crop harvesting. In order to achieve this, seeds with greater vigor should be used. Vigor is a component of physiological quality related to seed resilience. Despite this importance, there is little knowledge of the association between events at the molecular level and seed vigor. In this study, we investigated the relationship between gene expression during germination and seed vigor in soybean. The expression level of twenty genes related to growth at the beginning of the germination process was correlated with vigor. In this paper, vigor was evaluated by different tests. Then we reported the identification of the genes Expansin-like A1, Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 22, 65-kDa microtubule-associated protein, Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 2, N-glycosylase/DNA lyase OGG1 and Cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 2, which are expressed during germination, that correlated with several vigor tests commonly used in routine analysis of soybean seed quality. The identification of these transcripts provides tools to study vigor in soybean seeds at the molecular level.
“…In line with this, recent elegant works in A. thaliana showed that GA gradients correlate with cell length in dark-grown hypocotyls 36,37 . We hypothesize that this might be the case in soybean embryonic axes, particularly in the context of the recently described radicle-derived growth pattern in germinating soybean embryos 38 .Figure 3Hormone biosynthesis pathways. Some GA deactivation and signaling genes discussed are also included.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 86%
“…Collectively, these results show that GA modulates different genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, signaling and transport, which might directly interfere with GA:ABA gradients along germinating soybean embryonic axes. This GA:ABA dynamics might be involved in the differential cell expansion patterns observed in germinating soybean embryos 38 .Figure 4Hormone signal transduction. Rectangles with red lines represent gene families with at least one DEG.…”
Gibberellins (GA) are key positive regulators of seed germination. Although the GA effects on seed germination have been studied in a number of species, little is known about the transcriptional reprogramming modulated by GA during this phase in species other than
Arabidopsis thaliana
. Here we report the transcriptome analysis of soybean embryonic axes during germination in the presence of paclobutrazol (PBZ), a GA biosynthesis inhibitor. We found a number of differentially expressed cell wall metabolism genes, supporting their roles in cell expansion during germination. Several genes involved in the biosynthesis and signaling of other phytohormones were also modulated, indicating an intensive hormonal crosstalk at the embryonic axis. We have also found 26 photosynthesis genes that are up-regulated by PBZ at 24 hours after imbibition (HAI) and down-regulated at 36 HAI, which led us to suggest that this is part of a strategy to implement an autotrophic growth program in the absence of GA-driven mobilization of reserves. Finally, 30 transcription factors (mostly from the MYB, bHLH, and bZIP families) were down-regulated by PBZ and are likely downstream GA targets that will drive transcriptional changes during germination.
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