Quantitative analysis of the dependence of hardening on copper precipitate diameter and density in Fe–Cu alloys

Multiscale Modeling of the Deformation of Advanced Ferritic Steels for Generation IV Nuclear Energy

“…While the dislocation can penetrate into the 2.3 nm Cu precipitate, initially becomes pinned and finally it curves as it moves out of the precipitate. We find that the bow-out angle θ = 144°, in agreement with Nogiwa's observation [15]. Interestingly, we found that the 2.3 nm Cu precipitate changes the dislocation core polarization.…”

Corrosion Resistance of Cu-modified 3Cr Low-alloy Steel in 3.5%NaCl Solution

“…When the precipitates reach a critical size, they lose their full coherency due to the large coherency strain energy, transforming first to a twinned 9R structure (fcc with stacking faults) and then to 3R structure (a distorted fcc) and finally to the fcc structure (ε-Cu). The present results, together with previous research, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] suggests that Cu-rich precipitates were ε-Cu. Cu alloying in combination with appropriate heat treatment is used to produce a special class of antibacterial steels that have antimicrobial activity due to ε-Cu precipitation of on the steel surface.…”

“…Precipitation of copper in ferritic steels has been studied extensively, [14][15][16][17][18] particularly in reference to pressure vessel steels [19][20][21] which are used for nuclear reactors. It is now generally accepted that a complicated sequence involving the formation of two intermediate structures is characteristic of precipitation in this process: bcc→9R→3R→fcc.…”

Effect of ageing temperature on reverse austenite content in AISI 630 stainless steel

“…It's mechanical properties can be attributed to precipitation of copper rich spherical particles which strengthen the martensite matrix [3,8]. The copper rich precipitates are coherent with the martensite matrix and represent dislocations obstacles [9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…After solution treatment, copper atoms are supersaturated in the matrix. Upon thermal ageing, nearly all of the copper becomes incorporated into precipitates [10]. During aging the tempering of martensite and reverse austenite formation also take place [7,8,12,13].…”