Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawing in 
frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Blair, Mervin; McMonagle, Paul; Davidson, Wilda; Bódi, Nikoletta

doi:10.1017/s1355617706060255

Cited by 56 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For instance, in a sample of autopsy-verified FTD patients, Rascovsky et al [131] observed similar scores in copying geometrical figures, but higher overall CDT scores in FTD compared to AD patients. In the same vein, Blair et al [132] reported higher overall scores, and fewer conceptual, spatial, and planning errors in FTD compared to the AD group (see Fig. 1).…”

Section: Drawing Disorders In Frontotemporal Dementiamentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Instead, in a study on a sample of outpatients matched for general cognitive impairment VaD scored significantly lower than AD on CDT, likely related to poorer executive abilities in VaD patients [124]. Kitabayashi et al [125] stratified their patient sample by general cognitive impairment, and found [125] CDT Conceptual and spatial/planning errors in AD in all disease stages; conceptual and graphic errors in moderate-severe VaD Fukui [126] CDT, figure copying No difference at mild disease stages; sVaD worse than AD on both tasks at severe stages Graham [127] ROCF No difference between AD and sVaD Comparison AD-FTD Rascovsky [131] CDT, figure copying AD worse than FTD on overall CDT score; no differences in figure copying Blair [132] CDT AD worse than FTD; less conceptual, spatial and planning errors in FTD than in AD Razani [133] CDT AD worse than right-and left-onset FTD Thompson [134] Figure copying AD worse than FTD; less spatial errors, but more perseverations in FTD than in AD Possin [135] Simplified ROCF AD worse than FTD Perri [136] ROCF AD worse than FTD Gorno-Tempini [137] ROCF AD worse than non fluent PA Grossi [138] ROCF No difference between AD and bvFTD Gasparini [139] ROCF No overall difference between AD and bvFTD; AD better than bvFTD in drawing details Rascovsky [141] Figure copying…”

Section: Drawing Disorders In Vascular Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Trojano

Gainotti

2016

JAD

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Abstract. Drawing is a multicomponential process that can be impaired by many kinds of brain lesions. Drawing disorders are very common in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, and can provide clinical information for the distinction of the different dementing diseases. In our review we started from an overview of the neural and cognitive bases of drawing, and from a recollection of the drawing tasks more frequently used for assessing individuals with dementia. Then, we analyzed drawing disorders in dementia, paying special attention to those observed in Alzheimer's disease, from the prodromal stages of the amnesic mild cognitive impairment to the stages of full-blown dementia, both in the sporadic forms with late onset in the entorhino-hippocampal structures and in those with early onset in the posterior neocortical structures. We reviewed the drawing features that could differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia and from the most frequent forms of degenerative dementia, namely frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body disease. Finally, we examined some peculiar aspects of drawing disorders in dementia, such as perseverations, rotations, and closing-in. We argue that a careful analysis of drawing errors helps to differentiate the different forms of dementia more than overall accuracy in drawing.

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Section: Drawing Disorders In Frontotemporal Dementiamentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Drawing Disorders In Vascular Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Trojano

Gainotti

2016

JAD

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“…In this sense, the degraded semantic knowledge, assessed by naming tests, may impair CDT performance. Other authors 31 , wor king with AD and frontotemporal dementia patients (including semantic dementia), found quantitative and qualitative impairments in CDT performance that may, at least partial ly, be related to semantic deficits. Functional neuroimaging studies with AD patients identified posterior left temporal lobe (areas related to language and semantic processing) blood flow to be a predictor of CDT performance 32,33 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Mapping the clockworks: what does the Clock Drawing Test assess in normal and pathological aging?

Paula

Miranda

Moraes

et al. 2013

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Brief cognitive tests are widely used in neuropsychology and related areas, in order to assess and diagnose develop mental, neurological, and psychiatric conditions. The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is also adopted as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in several conditions such as dementia, stroke, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment and mood disorders¹. The CDT basically consists of the drawing of dif ferent elements of a clock, including the clock face, numbers, and arrow-hands. The instructions and scoring methods vary according to each version. Influences of aging and education are also related to test performance, where children and the elderly perform worse than adults and lower education asso ciates with worse performance².Different versions of the CDT were developed. Although very similar and highly correlated³, they differ in diagnosis accuracy 4 and probably on the cognitive processes involved ABSTRACTThe Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a cognitive screening tool used in clinical and research settings. Despite its role on the assessment of global cognitive functioning, the specific cognitive components required for test performance are still unclear. We aim to assess the role of executive functioning, global cognitive status, visuospatial abilities, and semantic knowledge on Shulman's CDT performance. Fifty-three mild cognitive impairment, 60 Alzheimer's dementia, and 57 normal elderly controls performed the CDT, the Frontal Assessment Battery, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Stick Design Test, and a naming test (TN-LIN). An ordinal regression assessed specific neuropsychological in fluences on CDT performance. All the cognitive variables were related to the CDT, accounting for 53% of variance. The strongest association was between the CDT and executive functions, followed by global cognitive status, visuospatial processing, and semantic knowledge. Our result confirms the multidimensional nature of the test and the major role of executive functions on performance.Keywords: clock drawing test, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, semantic knowledge, dementia. Palavras-chave: teste do desenho do relógio, funções executivas, habilidades visioespaciais, conhecimento semântico, demência. RESUMO

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“…In stark contrast, clock scoring within the field of neuropsychology employs an analysis of errors, for error type (e.g. semantic, graphomotor, perseverative) informs clinicians about lesions/pathology [3,10,11,17]. Cosentino et al [10] provide one error analysis approach based on cognitive theory and common dementia pathology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clock Drawing in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Recommendations for Dementia Assessment

Price¹,

Cunningham²,

Coronado³

et al. 2011

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background: Clock drawing is part of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test but may have administration and scoring limitations. We assessed (1) the reliability of the MoCA clock criteria relative to a published error scoring approach, (2) whether command-only administration could distinguish dementia from cognitively intact individuals and (3) the value of adding a clock copy condition to the MoCA. Methods: Three novice raters and clocks from dementia and control participants were used to assess the 3 aims. Results: MoCA interrater and intrarater reliability were low (i.e. intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.12–0.31) and required repeat training. Clocks drawn to command classified dementia at chance. Inclusion of a copy condition demonstrated expected dementia subgroup patterns. Conclusion: Reliable clock scoring with MoCA criteria requires practice. Supplementing a clock copy to the standard MoCA test (takes <1 min) will improve dementia assessment.

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Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawing in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 56 publications

References 43 publications

Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Mapping the clockworks: what does the Clock Drawing Test assess in normal and pathological aging?

Clock Drawing in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Recommendations for Dementia Assessment

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