Quantitative Antibiotic Sensitivities of Ruminal Bacteria1

Wang, Chia-Li; Baldwin, Beverly B.; Fulghum, Robert S.; Williams, Phletus P.

doi:10.1128/aem.18.4.677-679.1969

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The basic mode of action of ionophore compounds is on transmembrane ion fluxes and the dissipation of cation and proton gradients, thereby interfering primarily with transport systems and ATP synthesis (3). Susceptibility and resistance patterns of ruminal bacteria to avoparcin and tylosin are in agreement with previous reports (1,15,36,38).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacteria to antimicrobial feed additives

Nagaraja

Taylor

1987

Appl Environ Microbiol

121

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Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacterial species to avoparcin, narasin, salinomycin, thiopeptin, tylosin, virginiamycin, and two new ionophore antibiotics, R022-6924/004 and R021-6447/009, were determined. Generally, antimicrobial compounds were inhibitory to gram-positive bacteria and those bacteria that have gram-positive-like cell wall structure. MICs ranged from 0.09 to 24.0 jig/lmn. Gram-negative bacteria were resistant at the highest concentration tested (48.0 ,ug/ml). On the basis of their fermentation produicts, ruminal bacteria that produce lactic acid, butyric acid, formic acid, or hydrogen were susceptible and bacteria that produce succinic acid or ferment lactic acid were resistant to the antimicrobial compounds. Selenomonas ruminantium was the only major lactic acid-producing bacteria resistant to all the antimicrobial compounds tested. Avoparcin and tylosin appeared to be less inhibitory (MIC > 6.0 ,ug/ml) than the other compounds to the two major lactic acid-producing bacteria, Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus sp. lonophore compounds seemed to be more inhibitory (MIC, 0.09 to 1.50 ,ug/ml) than nonionophore compounds (MIC, 0.75 to 12.0 ,ug/ml) to the major butyric acid-producing bacteria. Treponema bryantii, an anaerobic rumen spirochete, was less sensitive to virginiamycin than to the other antimicrobial compounds. lonophore compounds were generally bacteriostatic, and nonionophore compounds were bactericidal. The specific growth rate of Bacteroides ruminicola was reduced by all the antimicrobial compounds except avoparcin. The antibacterial spectra of the feed additives were remarkably similar, and it appears that MICs may not be good indicators of the potency of the compounds in altering ruminal fermentation characteristics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Wang et al (38) reported that Streptococcus bovis is susceptible to tylosin only at high concentration (MIC -100 ,ug/ml). Walton (37) noted that avoparcin was not inhibitory to some gram-positive enteric streptococci, and Dutta and DeVriese (12) have reported a number of lactobacilli against which avoparcin had no activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacteria to antimicrobial feed additives

Nagaraja

Taylor

1987

Appl Environ Microbiol

121

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“…Ruminal fermentation changes induced by some of the antimicrobial compounds have been shown to be similar to those induced by monensin and lasalocid in that the acetate:propionate ratio is decreased, lactic acid production is inhibited, methanogenesis is depressed and ruminal degradation of protein and amino acids is lowered (Dyer et al, 1980;Muir et al, 1980;Froetschel et al, 1983;Demeyer and VanNevel, 1985;Merchen and Berger, 1985;Nagaraja et al, 1985). Also, sensitivity and resistance of ruminal bacteria to the various antimicrobial compounds used in the present study were very similar to their responses to lasalocid and monensin; gram-positive bacteria were resistant and gram-negative bacteria were sensitive (Akkad and Hobson, 1966;Wang et al, 1966;Fulghum et al, 1968;Watanabe et al, 1981;Stewart et al, 1983;Nagaraja and Taylor, 1987). Avoparcin and tylosin have been shown to be less inhibitory to the two major gram-positive lactic acid-producing bacteria (Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus; Walton, 1978;Dutta and DeVriese, 1981;Nagaraja and Taylor, 1987).…”

Section: Effects Of Antimicrobial Compounds On Lactic Acid Productionsupporting

confidence: 68%

In Vitro Lactic Acid Inhibition and Alterations in Volatile Fatty Acid Production by Antimicrobial Feed Additives

Nagaraja

Taylor

Harmon

et al. 1987

Journal of Animal Science

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Batch culture fermentations were used to determine the effects of avoparcin, lasalocid, monensin, narasin, salinomycin, thiopeptin, tylosin, virginiamycin, monensin + tylosin combination, and two new ionophore compounds (RO22-6924/004 and RO21-6447/009) on lactic acid and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Ruminal fluid from cattle fed a high alfalfa hay diet was incubated with glucose for 12 h in a buffered medium to determine the effect of antimicrobial compounds on lactic acid concentration. Fermentations treated with antimicrobial compounds had higher final pH and lower L(+) lactic acid concentration. Narasin and salinomycin were more inhibitory than other ionophore compounds. Monensin and tylosin in combination was more effective than monensin alone. Among the nonionophore compounds, avoparcin was the least effective and thiopeptin, tylosin and virginiamycin were extremely effective in reducing lactic acid concentration. Ruminal fluid from cattle fed a diet of alfalfa hay and grain (50:50) was incubated with a mixture of sugars, casein and urea for 12 h in a buffered medium to determine the effect of antimicrobial compounds on VFA production. Generally, total VFA concentration was not affected by antimicrobial compounds except RO22-6924/004, tylosin and virginiamycin, which caused a reduction at high concentrations. Tylosin, monensin and tylosin mixture, thiopeptin and virginiamycin at high concentrations (greater than 6.0 micrograms/ml) increased the acetate proportion. All compounds increased the molar proportion of propionate. Tylosin and virginiamycin at high concentrations (greater than 6.0 micrograms/ml) decreased the proportion of propionate. Monensin and tylosin in combination had no effect on propionate proportion. Among the compounds tested, narasin and salinomycin were the most effective in enhancing propionate proportion. Ionophore compounds were more inhibitory to butyrate production than the nonionophore compounds. Batch culture fermentations may be used to quantitate the relative efficacy of antimicrobial compounds to alter ruminal fermentation characteristics.

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“…Nagaraja and Taylor (16) showed that M. elsdenii was totally resistant to eight antimicrobial feed additives. The susceptibility and resistance of M. elsdenii to 13 other antibiotics were reported by El Akkad and Hobson (3) and Wang et al (23). Each study examined one strain only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Metabolism and some characteristics of ruminal strains of Megasphaera elsdenii

Marounek

Fliegrova

Bartos

1989

Appl Environ Microbiol

162

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Megasphaera elsdenii belongs to the group comprising the ruminal and intestinal lactate-and sugarfermenting species. In the present study the fermentation characteristics, metabolism of glucose and lactate, and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of four ruminal strains were investigated. Particular attention was given to the mixed-substrate fermentation pattern and resultant fermentation acid profile. Lactate was utilized more rapidly than glucose in media with both carbon sources. Interaction of the two substrates changed the composition of fermentation end products toward more valerate and less propionate in cultures with glucose and lactate. Contrary to the indications in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, butyrate, not caproate, was the main end product of glucose metabolism. The strains examined were rather insensitive to many antimicrobial compounds, especially to ionophores and other antimicrobial feed additives.

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Quantitative Antibiotic Sensitivities of Ruminal Bacteria1

Abstract: Fifteen species of ruminal bacteria were tested against 10 antibiotics in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 200 /ig/ml in an anaerobic tube dilution system.

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacteria to antimicrobial feed additives

Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacteria to antimicrobial feed additives

In Vitro Lactic Acid Inhibition and Alterations in Volatile Fatty Acid Production by Antimicrobial Feed Additives

Metabolism and some characteristics of ruminal strains of Megasphaera elsdenii

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