“…Precedent for surface roughness potentially influencing orientation measurements can be found by noting several examples where its effects have been at least qualitatively considered, including contact angles, , fluorescence , and fluorescence depolarization, − attenuated total internal reflection infrared spectroscopy, , electrochemical blocking, , neutron − and X-ray − reflectivity, X-ray fluorescence, , and ellispometry . As one example, in neutron reflectivity studies, Li et al and Lu et al , demonstrated that amphiphile orientation at air−liquid interfaces could only be properly determined after correcting for the interface roughness.…”