“…As alternatives to traditional methods, spectroscopic analytical methods, including infrared spectroscopy (IRS) (Kamruzzaman et al., 2015; D. Liu et al., 2013; L. Wu et al., 2019), Raman spectroscopy (RS) (A. M. Herrero, 2008a), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) (X. Cheng et al., 2013), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) (Hassoun et al., 2019), and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) (Cheng & Sun, 2014; Mathiassen et al., 2011) are extensively investigated in rapid and nondestructive measurements. They have advantages in providing spectral “fingerprints” of the samples depending on the molecular composition of the products and have been actively reported in various fields, such as materials science (Ding et al., 2016), biology (Auner et al., 2018), and food science (Beganovic et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2021; H. Jiang et al., 2020). Fluorescence is due to UV or visible fluorescence emitted by substances that absorb UV or VIS, while this technique is highly sensitive to environmental conditions because fluorophores may react with other substances and then induce quenching (Hassoun et al., 2019).…”