Quantitative Detection of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>DNA in Saliva, Blood, and Urine

Nwakanma, Davis; Gomez-Escobar, Natalia; Walther, Michael; Crozier, Sarah; Dubovsky, Filip; Malkin, Elissa; Locke, Emily; Conway, David J.

doi:10.1086/598856

Cited by 97 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The present observation supports the limited reports describing potential to diagnose malaria using saliva samples. [8][9][10] The high sensitivity (detection threshold > 2,000 parasites/ μL of blood) and specificity of the Optimal-IT dipsticks in patient blood at presentation as observed in this study are consistent with previous reports. [14][15][16] Results from the present study show that spinning saliva samples before analysis significantly decreased the sensitivity for antigen detection by the RDT (sensitivity = 48.3%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In a recently reported study using quantitative PCR analysis, it was shown that the amount of parasite DNA quantified in peripheral blood samples from infected patients was ~600-fold greater than in saliva samples, although a statistically significant correlation between parasite density and amount of parasite DNA in saliva was observed. 9 A full understanding of biological processes leading to the release of parasite antigen in saliva would provide more insight into these disparities. Furthermore, matched blood and saliva RDTs of four patients with microscopically confirmed P. falciparum malaria were negative despite high parasite densities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been used as a diagnostic test fluid for the evaluation of humoral immunity to infectious agents such as hepatitis A, HIV, measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. [5][6][7] Recent reports describing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNA in human saliva 8,9 represents a major, though technically demanding, advancement in diagnosis of malaria. In addition, P. falciparum histidine-rich protein II (pfHRP-II) antigen was detected in saliva of malaria patients using a Malaria Antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid Detection of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum in Saliva of Children with Acute Uncomplicated Malaria

Gbotosho

Happi²,

Folarin³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The diagnosis of malaria in biological fluids other than blood using non-invasive, rapid diagnostic techniques provides a valuable approach in case management and epidemiological studies of malaria. Rapid detection of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in saliva samples from 130 of 144 children with microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection was evaluated using Optimal-IT dipsticks. Genotyping of parasites was also performed in saliva and blood samples from a cohort of patients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sensitivity of the dipstick in whole-blood, whole-saliva, or supernatant of spun saliva samples was 97.2%, 77.9%, and 48.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of the dipstick in whole-saliva samples was significantly higher than in supernatant of spun saliva samples (P < 0.0005). Mutant T76 allele was detectable in 60% and 57% of blood and saliva samples, respectively. This finding shows rapid detection of pLDH in patient saliva.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid Detection of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum in Saliva of Children with Acute Uncomplicated Malaria

Gbotosho

Happi²,

Folarin³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The recent discovery that Plasmodium can be genotyped from urine or saliva in humans (6,7) and that fecal primate samples have allowed researchers to identify the ancestors of the HIV-1 epidemic in chimpanzees and gorillas (8,9) moved us to explore whether similar noninvasive approaches could be used to investigate the diversity of malaria parasites in wild populations of apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) in Africa. This is, indeed, the case.…”

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confidence: 99%

African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including Plasmodium falciparum

Prugnolle

Durand

Neel

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

234

223

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Plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite, was until very recently the only known close relative of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria. Recently, Plasmodium gaboni, another closely related chimpanzee parasite, was discovered, suggesting that the diversity of Plasmodium circulating in great apes in Africa might have been underestimated. It was also recently shown that P. reichenowi is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse chimpanzee parasite and that the world diversity of P. falciparum is fully included within the much broader genetic diversity of P. reichenowi. The evidence indicates that all extant populations of P. falciparum originated from P. reichenowi, likely by a single transfer from chimpanzees. In this work, we have studied the diversity of Plasmodium species infecting chimpanzees and gorillas in Central Africa (Cameroon and Gabon) from both wild-living and captive animals. The studies in wild apes used noninvasive sampling methods. We confirm the presence of P. reichenowi and P. gaboni in wild chimpanzees. Moreover, our results reveal the existence of an unexpected genetic diversity of Plasmodium lineages circulating in gorillas. We show that gorillas are naturally infected by two related lineages of parasites that have not been described previously, herein referred to as Plasmodium GorA and P. GorB, but also by P. falciparum, a species previously considered as strictly human specific. The continuously increasing contacts between humans and primate populations raise concerns about further reciprocal host transfers of these pathogens.cytochrome b gene | ecology | evolution | host specificity | infectious diseases P lasmodium falciparum is the agent of malignant malaria, one of the worst scourges of mankind, with 2 million infant deaths and ∼500 million clinical cases per year, 85% in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite, was the only known closely related sister lineage (Fig. 1A), of which only one single exemplar was known (1, 2). It was assumed that the two parasites had evolved along with their hosts since the separation of the two lineages, ∼7 million years ago (the cospeciation hypothesis). The existence of only one P. reichenowi strain did not allow testing two alternative hypotheses: whether P. reichenowi was ancestral to P. falciparum or vice versa (1, 3). Recent genetic analysis of eight previously undescribed isolates of P. reichenowi from wild-born chimpanzees in Cameroon and Ivory Coast has shown that P. reichenowi is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse chimpanzee parasite and that P. falciparum is fully included within the much broader genetic diversity of P. reichenowi (4). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all extant P. falciparum populations originated from P. reichenowi, likely by a single transfer from chimpanzees. Also recently, a unique closely related species, named Plasmodium gaboni, was discovered in two wild-born chimpanzees kept as pets in remote villages of Gabon (5), suggesting the po...

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“…The recent discovery that Plasmodium can be genotyped from urine, saliva, and fecal primate samples (5,27,28) has opened up considerably the opportunities to explore the presence of Plasmodium in apes, as well as in other primates and in all other sorts of animals, by noninvasive methods. Prugnolle et al (29) have analyzed partial Cytb sequences (704 nucleotides) from five chimpanzee and seven gorilla DNA samples, obtained from fecal samples from wild chimpanzees (n = 125) and gorillas (n = 84) from Cameroon, plus three blood samples from captive wild-born gorillas from Gabon.…”

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confidence: 99%

African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus

Duval

Fourment

Nerrienet

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

143

137

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We investigated two mitochondrial genes (cytb and cox1), one plastid gene (tufA), and one nuclear gene (ldh) in blood samples from 12 chimpanzees and two gorillas from Cameroon and one lemur from Madagascar. One gorilla sample is related to Plasmodium falciparum, thus confirming the recently reported presence in gorillas of this parasite. The second gorilla sample is more similar to the recently defined Plasmodium gaboni than to the P. falciparum-Plasmodium reichenowi clade, but distinct from both. Two chimpanzee samples are P. falciparum. A third sample is P. reichenowi and two others are P. gaboni. The other chimpanzee samples are different from those in the ape clade: two are Plasmodium ovale, and one is Plasmodium malariae. That is, we have found three human Plasmodium parasites in chimpanzees. Four chimpanzee samples were mixed: one species was P. reichenowi; the other species was P. gaboni in three samples and P. ovale in the fourth sample. The lemur sample, provisionally named Plasmodium malagasi, is a sister lineage to the large cluster of primate parasites that does not include P. falciparum or ape parasites, suggesting that the falciparum + ape parasite cluster (Laverania clade) may have evolved from a parasite present in hosts not ancestral to the primates. If malignant malaria were eradicated from human populations, chimpanzees, in addition to gorillas, might serve as a reservoir for P. falciparum.T here is a revolution afoot concerning our understanding of human malaria. It was shown in 1994/1995 that the closest relative of Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of malignant malaria was Plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite, the only ape malaria parasite that had been molecularly characterized (1-4). The close phylogenetic relationship between P. falciparum and Plasmodium reichenowi, their distinctness from the three other known human malaria parasites (Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), as well as from other primate parasites, and their remoteness from bird or lizard parasites, was soon confirmed by other studies (5-7). It was assumed, as a working hypothesis, that P. falciparum and P. reichenowi had evolved from a common ancestor parasite, independently in their respective hosts, humans and chimpanzees, as these two lineages gradually diverged from one another over the last 5-7 million years-the cospeciation hypothesis. Two alternative hypotheseseither (i) a human origin (P. reichenowi evolved from an introduction of P. falciparum into chimpanzee hosts) or (ii) a chimpanzee origin (P. falciparum evolved from the introduction of P. reichenowi into the human lineage)-could not be tested against each other or against the cospeciation hypothesis, because only one P. reichenowi isolate was available, which had been isolated from a captive chimpanzee.It was soon demonstrated by Rich et al. (8), Rich and Ayala (9), and Ayala and Rich (10) that P. falciparum has very low levels of neutral genetic polymorphism, a result that was subsequently confirmed by other investigators (11...

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Quantitative Detection ofPlasmodium falciparumDNA in Saliva, Blood, and Urine

Abstract: Saliva sampling is a promising less-invasive approach for detecting malaria infection.

Cited by 97 publications

References 32 publications

Rapid Detection of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum in Saliva of Children with Acute Uncomplicated Malaria

Rapid Detection of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum in Saliva of Children with Acute Uncomplicated Malaria

African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including Plasmodium falciparum

African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus

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