Quantitative determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil, water, and home garden produce

Huset, Carin A.; Barry, Kitrina M.

doi:10.1016/j.mex.2018.06.017

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The LC column initially chosen for this analysis was based on the column dimensions and phase recommended in EPA method 537.1 . Others have chosen columns shorter in length, but in these methods, matrices are limited and well-characterized. ,, For diverse food samples with multiple complex matrices, a longer column was desired for enhanced resolution of analytes from potential interferences. Typically, guard columns are chosen with the same particle size, diameter, and stationary phase as the analytical column but with a shorter column length (5 or 10 mm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analysis of PFAS in foods using QuEChERS extraction has been previously reported in milk, eggs, butter, cheese, fish, honey, cranberries, strawberries, olives, and garden produce. − Due to its ease of use and ability to work with a wide variety of matrices, − a QuEChERS extraction method was chosen for analyzing TDS samples. The main objective of this research was to develop and validate a method that could be used for monitoring PFAS in TDS samples on a routine basis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method Development and Validation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods from FDA’s Total Diet Study Program

Genualdi

Young

DeJager

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the US diet has not been well-characterized. Highly consumed foods are routinely monitored through FDA’s Total Diet Study program. Portions of these samples were used to develop and validate a method for PFAS in a wide variety of foods. The extraction of 16 PFAS was performed using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Method optimizations are described including investigations into the QuEChERS sorbents, matrix effects, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. The use of a custom push-through SPE cartridge showed promising results as a rapid cleanup option for food samples. Challenges in ion confirmation are discussed, and the use of enhanced product ion (EPI) full-scan MS/MS spectra is presented as a potential option for verifying false positives. The validated method was then used for the analysis of 179 total diet study samples, and positive detects for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were found in two fish and one meat sample.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method Development and Validation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods from FDA’s Total Diet Study Program

Genualdi

Young

DeJager

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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show abstract

“…In the method outlined by Houtz et al (2013), no drying step was used on the solids; however, the working method outlined here included freeze drying. To properly homogenise and increase the active surface area of a biosolid sample, a method of drying is often used (Huset and Barry 2018;Myers et al 2012). All samples used in this comparison were initially freeze-dried before being weighed for treatment and extraction.…”

Section: Methods Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced PFAS precursor digestion methods for biosolids

Hutchinson¹,

Rieck²,

Wu³

2020

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental contextThe majority of biosolids produced in Australia from wastewater treatment processes are applied to agricultural land for beneficial use. We have demonstrated, through improvements to the analytical method, that levels of PFAS in biosolids are significantly higher than historically understood. The land application of biosolids could result in sensitive environments being exposed to PFAS at levels higher than previously anticipated. AbstractThe current industry standard for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis is for the measurement of only 28 PFAS, even though there are greater than 4700 PFAS known to be in existence. The total oxidisable precursor (TOP) assay, originally published by Houtz and Sedlak, is widely used as an estimate of the total perfluoro alkyl acids (PFAA) content of a sample, particularly in wastewater and biosolid matrices. The total PFAA content is an important measure of potential environmental contamination, which assists in the inference of potential harm that may occur from both well characterised PFAS, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as well as lesser known precursor compounds and their breakdown products. With the majority of Australian biosolids beneficially applied to land, it is important to understand the future PFAS capacity before they are land applied to maintain the preservation of our agricultural and environmental assets. Our investigation of the TOP method and its application to biosolids involves a comparison of the Houtz and Sedlak method with a modified version coupled with a hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. The underperformance of the previously published method is demonstrated by its inability to sufficiently digest PFAS within biosolids. Therefore, the Houtz and Sedlak method significantly underestimated the levels of PFAS compared with the modified method, which showed a 10-fold increase in the measured PFAS after digestion. Further improvement of this modified method may provide a greater degree of accuracy for the TOP assay. The significant underestimation of the total PFAS load and, therefore, potential environmental harm has significant implications for public and agricultural health and compliance with regulatory limits.

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“…Furthermore, short-chain PFAAs (four to seven carbons) are more commonly found in landfill leachates when compared to long-chain PFAAs (more than seven-carbons) [77,110]. In the United States, PFCAs and PFSAs concentrations in landfill leachate were reported to range from 10-8900 ng/L and 50-2300 ng/L, respectively [104,111,112]. Although leachate treatment is designed to remediate potential groundwater contaminants, biological leachate treatments have been found to increase PFAS concentrations as opposed to non-biological treatments, possibly through the formation of additional PFAS through the biodegradation of precursors [106,113].…”

Section: Solid Waste Management Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Meegoda

Kewalramani

et al. 2020

IJERPH

123

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.

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Quantitative determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil, water, and home garden produce

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Method Development and Validation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods from FDA’s Total Diet Study Program

Method Development and Validation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods from FDA’s Total Diet Study Program

Advanced PFAS precursor digestion methods for biosolids

A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

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