Quantitative EMG analysis of analysis of anticipatory postural adjustments of voluntary contraction of leg muscles in standing man

Kasai, Tatsuya; Kawai, Kazutake

doi:10.1016/0168-5597(94)90039-6

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…2) during APAs qualitatively agrees with the pattern of depression reported previously (Kasai and Kawai 1994; Kawanishi et al 1999). However, the depression we observed was about half of what was reported in those previous studies despite using the same arm-lifting task.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The muscle activity acts to accelerate the center of mass forwards in anticipation of the posterior destabilizing torque generated at the shoulders. There is also an anticipatory inhibition of erector spinae, biceps femoris, and soleus (Aruin and Latash 1995; Kasai and Kawai 1994; Kawanishi et al 1999; Belinkii et al 1967). Specifically, the soleus muscle activity decreases and a ~ 100-ms-long silent period starts ~ 20 ms before and overlaps the anterior deltoid activation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, the soleus muscle activity decreases and a ~ 100-ms-long silent period starts ~ 20 ms before and overlaps the anterior deltoid activation. Spinal excitability measured by the Hoffmann (H) reflex during this silent period declines sharply with the reflex depression peaking around the onset of EMG activity in the anterior deltoid (Kasai and Kawai 1994; Kawanishi et al 1999). Because the reflex depression starts before the onset of anterior deltoid EMG activity, this anticipatory depression is likely to be the result of a preprogrammed descending motor command acting on the motoneuron directly or via Ia inhibitory interneurons, giving rise to a feedforward control of APAs in standing and also during walking (Capaday and Stein 1986; Simonsen et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-related reversal of spinal excitability during anticipatory postural control

et al. 2018

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IntroductionAn internal perturbation of standing balance activates muscles critical for maintaining balance and is preceded by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). In healthy younger adults, a measure of spinal excitability in the form of the Hoffmann (H) reflex becomes depressed during APAs but how aging affects the reflex control of APAs is unknown.MethodsWe compared H reflex excitability profiles in the right soleus muscle, indirectly indicating APA, between younger (n = 11, age 19–24 years), middle-aged (n = 10, age 37–56 years), and older healthy adults (n = 11, age 63–78 years). Subjects rapidly raised the right-dominant arm in response to an auditory cue. The H reflex was evoked 120 ms, 100 ms, 80 ms, 60 ms, 40 ms, 20 ms, and 0 ms before as well as 20 ms after the onset of the right anterior deltoid muscle activation. For data processing, each trial was controlled for the corresponding background EMG activity before normalizing the standing data to the data in sitting in the 8 time bins.ResultsAll subjects showed a silent period in the soleus background electromyographic activity, suggesting the presence of APA. We found that the stereotypical H reflex depression associated with APAs in younger adults was reduced in middle-aged adults and reversed to facilitation in older adults. The depression occurred in 10 out of 11 younger adults, whereas all 11 older adults exhibited facilitation.ConclusionBecause APAs are organized at the supraspinal level, we speculate a supraspinal origin of the age-related reflex facilitation during APAs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-related reversal of spinal excitability during anticipatory postural control

et al. 2018

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“…In fact, the activation of muscles controlling these postural adjustments precedes the activation of voluntary muscle activity as first demonstrated by Belenkii et al [4]. The interaction between voluntary movements and anticipatory postural adjustments has since been studied extensively during different upper limb movements [6-8, 23, 44, 45, 50], leg movements [37,58] as well as trunk movements [13,14,[63][64][65][66][67]. The postural synergies triggered before the onset of voluntary movements are flexible and task specific, i.e., a certain voluntary movement may be associated with different automatic postural adjustments depending on the context of the task [26,42,66,67].…”

Section: Voluntary Movements and Postural Controlmentioning

confidence: 91%

How to improve gait and balance function in elderly individuals—compliance with principles of training

Oddsson

Boissy

Melzer

2007

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

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Most balance training regimens for elderly individuals focus on self-controlled exercises, although automatic postural responses after a balance perturbation are not under direct volitional control. We critically review the literature on this topic, and notice that several studies fail to comply with basic principles of training and therefore show little improvement in function. Some present the view that physical function in the too frail and too fit cannot be improved, which we instead argue would be the effect of nonspecific training programs. We propose a concept for balance training that incorporates voluntary exercises as well as perturbation and dual-task exercises to improve balance control. The program is performed on five different levels where levels 1-4 exercises focus on the skill to maintain balance and level 5 adds perturbation exercises that focus on the skill to recover balance as well as dual task exercises providing a cognitive load during execution of a balance motor task. Functional requirements for muscle strength and power are directly incorporated into the program. The feasibility of the concept has been demonstrated on elderly fallers. A randomized control trial is underway to investigate the effects on healthy elderly individuals. Further intervention studies using this concept are encouraged.

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“…In a movement task associated with changing BOS, therefore, it can be thought that the CNS not only provides the driving force to initiate movement, but also the appropriate control to efficiently execute the planned movement. Some studies [23][24][25] on APA have reported that the CNS works to elicit the biomechanical properties of programmed movement in advance, and also controls postural instability occurring in the initial and final movements. Compared to healthy subjects, patients with the CNS problems and the elderly have been reported to show weak APA 26,27) .…”

Section: Role Of Apa On the Movement Task Associated With Changing Bosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments by Repetition of the Tiptoe Movement

et al. 2007

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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of repetition on anticipatory postural adjustments between two tiptoe movement tasks. Ten healthy young male (22.5 ± 2.6 years old) participated in this study. They stood on tiptoe from standing position as quickly as possible after an auditory stimulus. Single and repetitive tasks as the tiptoe movement task were performed. Electromyogram during the tiptoe movement was measured in the gastrocnemius (Gas), tibialis anterior (TA), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), erector spinae (ES) and rectus abdominus (RA). The characteristics of the initial tiptoe movement during each task were established by analysis of kinematics data. Onsets of each muscle activity, integrated electromyography (EMG) and center of pressure (COP) displacement prior to the onset of Gas were compared between the single and repetitive tasks. The onset of TA and RF in the repetitive task was earlier than that of the single task, and integrated EMG per unit time and COP displacement also changed. These results suggest that the central nervous system may transmit different motor commands to postural muscles during single and repetitive tasks, and anticipatory postural adjustment might be modulated by the repetition of task.

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Quantitative EMG analysis of analysis of anticipatory postural adjustments of voluntary contraction of leg muscles in standing man

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Age-related reversal of spinal excitability during anticipatory postural control

Age-related reversal of spinal excitability during anticipatory postural control

How to improve gait and balance function in elderly individuals—compliance with principles of training

Effects on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments by Repetition of the Tiptoe Movement

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