Quantitative Estimation of the Hydroquinone, Mercury and Total Plate Count in Skin-Lightening Creams

Arshad, Mehreen; Sadef, Yumna; Shakoor, Muhammad Bilal; Naeem, Muhammad Salman; Bashir, Farzana; Ahmad, Sajid Rashid; Ali, Shafaqat; Abid, Irfan; Khan, Naeem; Alyemeni, Mohammed Nasser

doi:10.3390/su13168786

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The recorded mercury concentration for this study was ranged from 1.81 ppm to over 838 123 ppm. This study recorded the highest mercury concentration compared with previous researches from Malaysia 16 and other countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and India 20,26–29 …”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 43%

“…This study recorded the highest mercury concentration compared with previous researches from Malaysia 16 and other countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and India. 20,[26][27][28][29] The whitening products recorded less than 1 ppm of mercury concentration can be categorized as non-intentional used compounds or trace-contaminants. The mercury detected in the final products may be due to the impact of chemical interaction during the overall manufacturing process run under good manufacturing practice (GMP).…”

Section: Status Of Mercury Concentration Presence In Cosmetic Product...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of cosmetic safety in Malaysia market: Mercury contamination in selected skin whitening products

Radzi

Nordin

2022

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Background Concern on cosmetic safety has been a subject of interest in recent years and is commonly associated with the exposure of the consumers to chemicals and impurities such as mercury contamination. Moreover, cancellations of notified cosmetic products were recurrently being reported by the Malaysia authority, namely the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority (NPRA). Among the cosmetic categories was skin whitening product, which is still in high demand whilst reported to cause health risks. Besides, low number of studies on cosmetic safety and mercury contamination were recorded in Malaysia. The lack of scientific evidence on the safety and risks of the ingredients used in cosmetic formulation is a major concern to many consumers. Objective The aim of this study was to identify the presence of mercury in skin whitening products, and to identify products containing mercury with the concentration exceeding the limitation of 1 ppm. Methodology A total of 104 whitening products were selected from the market via random sampling technique. The mercury concentration was determined by accredited laboratory, and the results were later compared with the cosmetic guideline of Malaysia and the list of banned products issued by NPRA. Results A total of 51.9% (n = 54) whitening products were found registered under the NPRA Quest system and remaining 48.1% (n = 50) were non‐registered products. None of the whitening products listed mercury as an ingredient, but laboratory analysis showed 15.4% (n = 16) of the products contained mercury with the concentration exceeding the maximum limit of 1 ppm. A total of 87.5% of the whitening products (14 out of 16) containing high mercury concentration were non‐registered products which were not registered in NPRA Quest system. The exceeded concentration recorded ranged between 1.81 ppm and 838 123 ppm. Besides that, 50% (8 out of 16) of the products were found in the list of banned products issued by the NPRA of Malaysia. Conclusions This study presents the status of cosmetic products, particularly the skin whitening products available in Malaysia market. Concern arises when some of the products were found to have presence of harmful substances such as mercury. Even though the presence of mercury in a cosmetic product can either be non‐intentional or intentionally used by the manufacturer in the cosmetic formulation, the impact of the ingredient can cause health risk to the users.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 43%

Section: Status Of Mercury Concentration Presence In Cosmetic Product...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of cosmetic safety in Malaysia market: Mercury contamination in selected skin whitening products

Radzi

Nordin

2022

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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“…Analytical grade Hydroquinone standard (purity, 98%Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and HPLC grade reagents (methanol, acetonitrile and Orthophosphoric acid) were used for this study. Sample preparation was done using the method of Arshad et al, [24] and quantification of Hydroquinone in the prepared samples was carried out using AGILENT HPLC 1100 series. 25.5 mg of Hydroquinone standard (equivalent to 25mg Hydroquinone) was dissolved with 20mL of diluents (Methanol: Water 1:1) in a 25 mL volumetric flask.…”

Section: Extraction and Analysis Of Hydroquinonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 mL of nitric acid (10%) was added to accurately weighed 1 g ± 0.05 g cream sample in a 100 mL Pyrex flask and was heated on a heating mantle at 120 0 C in a fume cupboard until a clear solution is formed. After cooling, 20 ml of distilled water was added and filtered through Whatman 42 filter paper and made to mark in a 50 ml volumetric flask [24].…”

Section: Sample Digestion and Heavy Metals Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Levels of Hydroquinone and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Skin-Whitening Creams

Osobamiro

Kukoyi

Awolesi

2023

Electron. J. Univ. Aden Basic Appl. Sci.

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This study assessed the level of toxic metals and hydroquinone in skin-lightening-creams commonly use in Ogun State, Nigeria. The pH of all the cream samples was determined and metals quantification was carried out using ICP-OES after acid digestion while that of hydroquinone was done using HPLC. The health risk of dermal exposure to heavy metals via the regular application was done by evaluating the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. The pH of all the samples are acidic and it follows this trend; Sample 3 > Sample 1 > Sample 4 > Sample 2. All the metals considered in this study were detected in all the analyzed samples except Cd, Co and Cr in sample 1, As, Ba and Pb in sample 2, Ag, As and Hg in sample 3 and Ba in sample 4. Highest levels of Al, Co, Pb and Zn were recorded in Sample 3 (Organic cream). Though the concentrations of most of the toxic metals (Al, Zn and Mn) are above the permissible levels, they pose no non-carcinogenic health risk based on the calculated HQ and HI. The carcinogenic risk of metals in the sampled creams were all within the acceptable limit except that of Cd. Hydroquinone was detected in all the four samples analyzed ranging between 2.58 and 4.17 % which exceeded the permissible limit by WHO. This finding show that long-term use of skin-whitening-creams may pose serious health hazards so, public should be continually enlightening on the hazardous health effects of the use.

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“…Mercury bromide has acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity 9 . It is ranked top ten chemicals with serious health concerns by WHO 20 . Inorganic mercury causes renal, neurological, and psychological damages 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a greener approach to detect inorganic arsenic using the Gutzeit method and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Lin

Dai

2022

Analytical Science Advances

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Inorganic arsenic is a carcinogen repeatedly found in water and foods threatening global human health. Prior work applied the Gutzeit method and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to quantify inorganic arsenic based on a harmful chemical, i.e., mercury bromide, to capture the arsine gas. In this project, we explored silver nitrate as an alternative to mercury bromide for the capture and detection of inorganic arsenic. To compare the performance of mercury bromide and silver nitrate, two standard curves were established in the range from 0 to 33.3 µg/L after optimization of reaction conditions such as the quantity of reagents and reaction time. Our result shows silver nitrate-based standard curve had a lower limit of detection and limit of quantification at 1.02 µg/L and 3.40 µg/L, respectively, as compared to the one built upon mercury bromide that has limit of detection of 4.86 µg/L and limit of quantification of 16.2 µg/L. The relative higher sensitivity when using silver nitrate was contributed by the less interfering elements for X-ray fluorescence analysis and thus lower background signals. A commercial apple juice was studied for matrix inference, and the results show 85%-99% recoveries and 7.4%-24.5% relative standard deviation. In conclusion, we demonstrated silver nitrate is a better choice in terms of safety restrictions and detection capability at lower inorganic arsenic concentrations.

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Quantitative Estimation of the Hydroquinone, Mercury and Total Plate Count in Skin-Lightening Creams

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Status of cosmetic safety in Malaysia market: Mercury contamination in selected skin whitening products

Status of cosmetic safety in Malaysia market: Mercury contamination in selected skin whitening products

Evaluation of the Levels of Hydroquinone and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Skin-Whitening Creams

Toward a greener approach to detect inorganic arsenic using the Gutzeit method and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

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