“…However, the global optimization algorithms can overcome the defects of the gradient algorithms, because they have the capability of jumping out of the local optimum and need not calculate the gradient. Common global optimization algorithms for SP inversion include simulated annealing (Biswas & Sharma, 2014, 2017), neural network (El‐Kaliouby & Al‐Garni, 2009; Li et al., 2019), particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Essa, 2019, 2020; Luo et al., 2021), whale algorithm (Abdelazeem et al., 2019; Gobashy et al., 2020) and genetic algorithm (Di‐Maio et al., 2019; Rani et al., 2019). Among these algorithms, PSO has the advantage of balancing exploration and exploitation effectively, that is, it can guarantee both the global search capability and the convergence speed.…”