“…This is mainly because of their electrochemical stability and relatively high resistance against electrode fouling in physiological environments. Various methods, including covalent binding (17), spontaneous adsorption (12,18), radiofrequency oxygen plasma treatment (19), plasma polymerized vinylpyridine films (20), vacuum heat treatment (21), and electrochemical treatment (22)(23)(24), have been used to improve the electrochemical behavior of H 2 A. Except for the graphite fiber electrode reported by Gonon and co-workers (22,23), these procedures resulted in either unstable electrode surface conditions for electrochemical monitoring H 2 A or insufficient voltammetric separation between H 2 A and dopamine.…”