Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns

Carey, Steven; Sparks, R. S. J.

doi:10.1007/bf01046546

Cited by 618 publications

(588 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

564

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, applying the standard techniques valid for an eruption temperature of silicic magma can overestimate the mass eruptive rate and, consequently, underestimate the eruption duration. Using the modified version of the Wilson and Walker (1987) equation for a temperature of 1,300K (Sparks 1986), we obtain a mass eruptive rate that is <50% of the value obtained with the standard model, and an estimated eruption duration that is two to three times higher than that for a cooler eruption plume. It is also important to remember that the equation of Wilson and Walker (1987) gives a maximum rate because it is based on the maximum column height.…”

Section: Application Of Marine-core Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 h), and it had comparable mass eruptive rate and column height. Eruption rate and column height of Tarawera were >2 × 10 8 kg s −1 and 28-34 km, respectively (Walker et al 1984;Carey and Sparks 1986) comparing with 1.4 × 10 8 kg s −1 and 32 km for Fontana. In contrast, the 122B.C.…”

Section: Dispersal and Vent Positionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For basaltic magma, the high eruption temperature enhances the plume buoyancy (Sparks 1986). Therefore, applying the standard techniques valid for an eruption temperature of silicic magma can overestimate the mass eruptive rate and, consequently, underestimate the eruption duration.…”

Section: Application Of Marine-core Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This gave a b c value for unit D of 3.7 km corresponding to a maximum column height of 32 km. Results can be compared with the method of Carey and Sparks (1986) which is based on downwind and crosswind extent of isopleth lines applied by Wehrmann et al (2006). Comparison between these two method shows that both give a maximum height for unit D of 30-32 km, with the difference in the results being <10%.…”

Section: Column Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the Wilson and Walker (1987) equation is strictly valid only for a plume temperature of about 1,120K, more appropriate for silicic magma. Considering a temperature of 1,300K, Wilson and Walker (1987) can be modified, according to Sparks (1986), so that:…”

Section: Column Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

New physical characterization of the Fontana Lapilli basaltic Plinian eruption, Nicaragua

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Fontana Lapilli deposit was erupted in the late Pleistocene from a vent, or multiple vents, located near Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) and is the product of one of the largest basaltic Plinian eruptions studied so far. This eruption evolved from an initial sequence of fluctuating fountain-like events and moderately explosive pulses to a sustained Plinian episode depositing fall beds of highly vesicular basaltic-andesite scoria (SiO 2 >53 wt%). Samples show unimodal grain size distribution and a moderate sorting that are uniform in time. The juvenile component predominates (>96 wt%) and consists of vesicular clasts with both sub-angular and fluidal, elongated shapes. We obtain a maximum plume height of 32 km and an associated mass eruption rate of 1.4 × 10 8 kg s −1 for the Plinian phase. Estimates of erupted volume are strongly sensitive to the technique used for the calculation and to the distribution of field data. Our best estimate for the erupted volume of the majority of the climactic Plinian phase is between 2.9 and 3.8 km 3 and was obtained by applying a power-law fitting technique with different integration limits. The estimated eruption duration varies between 4 and 6 h. Marine-core data confirm that the tephra thinning is better fitted by a power-law than by an exponential trend.

show abstract

Section: Application Of Marine-core Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dispersal and Vent Positionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Marine-core Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Column Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Column Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

New physical characterization of the Fontana Lapilli basaltic Plinian eruption, Nicaragua

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Testing the accuracy of a 1‐D volcanic plume model in estimating mass eruption rate

Mastin

2014

JGR Atmospheres

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During volcanic eruptions, empirical relationships are used to estimate mass eruption rate from plume height. Although simple, such relationships can be inaccurate and can underestimate rates in windy conditions. One-dimensional plume models can incorporate atmospheric conditions and give potentially more accurate estimates. Here I present a 1-D model for plumes in crosswind and simulate 25 historical eruptions where plume height H obs was well observed and mass eruption rate M obs could be calculated from mapped deposit mass and observed duration. The simulations considered wind, temperature, and phase changes of water. Atmospheric conditions were obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis 2.5°model. Simulations calculate the minimum, maximum, and average values (M min , M max , and M avg ) that fit the plume height. Eruption rates were also estimated from the empirical formula M empir = 140H obs 4.14 (M empir is in kilogram per second, H obs is in kilometer). For these eruptions, the standard error of the residual in log space is about 0.53 for M avg and 0.50 for M empir . Thus, for this data set, the model is slightly less accurate at predicting M obs than the empirical curve.The inability of this model to improve eruption rate estimates may lie in the limited accuracy of even well-observed plume heights, inaccurate model formulation, or the fact that most eruptions examined were not highly influenced by wind. For the low, wind-blown plume of 14-18 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull, where an accurate plume height time series is available, modeled rates do agree better with M obs than M empir .

show abstract

Modeling ash fall distribution from a Yellowstone supereruption

Mastin

Eaton

Lowenstern

2014

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We used the volcanic ash transport and dispersion model Ash3d to estimate the distribution of ashfall that would result from a modern-day Plinian supereruption at Yellowstone volcano. The simulations required modifying Ash3d to consider growth of a continent-scale umbrella cloud and its interaction with ambient wind fields. We simulated eruptions lasting 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month, each producing 330 km 3 of volcanic ash, dense-rock equivalent (DRE). Results demonstrate that radial expansion of the umbrella cloud is capable of driving ash upwind (westward) and crosswind (N-S) in excess of 1500 km, producing more-or-less radially symmetric isopachs that are only secondarily modified by ambient wind. Deposit thicknesses are decimeters to meters in the northern Rocky Mountains, centimeters to decimeters in the northern Midwest, and millimeters to centimeters on the East, West, and Gulf Coasts. Umbrella cloud growth may explain the extremely widespread dispersal of the 640 ka and 2.1 Ma Yellowstone tephra deposits in the eastern Pacific, northeastern California, southern California, and South Texas.

show abstract

Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns

Cited by 618 publications

References 35 publications

New physical characterization of the Fontana Lapilli basaltic Plinian eruption, Nicaragua

New physical characterization of the Fontana Lapilli basaltic Plinian eruption, Nicaragua

Testing the accuracy of a 1‐D volcanic plume model in estimating mass eruption rate

Modeling ash fall distribution from a Yellowstone supereruption

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About