Quantitative multielement analysis using high energy particle bombardment

Clark, Patrick J.; Neal, G.F.; Allen, Ralph O.

doi:10.1021/ac60354a006

Cited by 40 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…While many commerical carbon analyzers are available, they do not discriminate elemental carbon from the accompanying carbon compounds nor are they suited for the routine, automated analysis of the large number of filter samples generated in atmospheric field studies. Recently, Johnson and Huntzicker (6) described an instrument designed specifically for the analysis of organic and elemental carbon on filter samples of ambient particulate. The organic carbon was volatilized or pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere, oxidized to C02, and converted to methane, which was detected with a flame ionization detector.…”

Section: Automated Carbon Analyzer For Particulate Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solvents other than H20 should be used with greater path lengths because of its rather "large" absorbance at 1064 nm. The absorbance of H20 with a 1-cm path length at this wavelength is =^0.043 (6,7). Heavy water, D20, is a good alternative having an absorbance 12 times smaller at this wavelength.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A variety of applications of PIXE have been described in the past few years. Methodology for the analysis of biological, clinical, environmental and geological samples has been described and evaluated (4,(6)(7)(8), The chief advantages of PIXE in the analysis of these complex matrices are that it is a multielement technique, it has a high sensitivity, and small samples (~1 mg) can be analyzed without a loss of sensitivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules

Kirchner¹,

Oona²,

Perron³

et al. 1980

Anal. Chem.

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and Pb in the nodules were determined, and the accuracy of the determinations was verified independently by flame atomic absorption and emission techniques. Thin sample targets on Nuclepore filter disks backed with Kapton were used with I-MeV protons for the low-energy region (0-8 keV) and 2-MeV protons and a 0.004-in. AI filter for the high-energy region (5-35 keV) of the X-ray spectrum. X-ray yield data were obtained for elements from Na to U (11 < 2 < 92), wlth standards of 99.999 YO purity and the thin target technique.

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Section: Automated Carbon Analyzer For Particulate Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules

Kirchner¹,

Oona²,

Perron³

et al. 1980

Anal. Chem.

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“…In order to show the potential of a combination of the three techniques, several USGS standard rocks were analyzed by Clark et al (156) , using a 5.5-MeV Van de Graaff accelerator, with beam currents up to 2 yA. These samples can withstand larger beam currents than thin films, although the thick target makes it necessary to correct for the loss in energy of the bombarding par ticle as it passes through the sample; the stopping powers do not vary appreciably between different types of silicate rocks, for instance, indicating that by using a standardized rock powder for comparison, almost any type of rock can be analyzed without additional correction for the small differences in stopping power.…”

Section: Analysis Using High Energy Particle Bombardmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation Analysis of Ores and Minerals

Gijbels¹

1978

Analytical Chemistry in the Exploration, Mining and Processing of Materials

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This review deals with applications of activation analysis to geological samples : ores, minerals and rocks. The various activation sources suitable for this purpose are discussed. Applications using isotopic neutron sources are re viewed in some detail, those using neutron generators are discussed on a more gene ral basis. Present trends in instrumental neutron-activation techniques are brief ly indicated, in particular Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrometry, coincidence counting, delayed neutron counting, prompt gamma counting and observation of nuclear tracks. The application of photon and charged particle activation to geological samples is also considered.R.H. GIJBELS and J. HERTOGEN An unmoderated isotopic neutron source (e.g. 2^1 Am/Ee) is perhaps the best choice for deter mining the fluorine content of fluorine ores and concentrates via the reaction 19 F(n,a) 16 N (threshold energy ^ 2 MeV), without interference from the 16 0(n,p) 16 N reaction. For the precise instrumental determination of manganese in pyrolusite ores, via the sensitive reac tion 5 5 Mn(n,y)^*>Mn, a relatively modest isotopic source of moderated neutrons is ideally suited. Nuclear reactors, accelerators and isotopic neutron sources are so different in neu tron production and neutron energy, that only for some applications they can be considered competitors.Other criteria to be considered are, of course, cost of the neutron source, possibility for transportation, dimension of source plus shielding, the necessity of having highly special ized personnel, etc. In mobile installations, for geophysical prospection, radioisotope sources with yields of less than 10^n/s, with or without moderator, have mostly been used, mainly in the U.S.S.R. (Ref. 7). The neutron flux in the irradiation zone with the above source strength is usually not more than lO^n.cm" 2^" " 1 , depending upon the design. Experi ments in the U.S.A. and in the U.S.S.R. have shown that deuteron accelerators, (pumped and sealed tube), producing 14 MeV, 3 MeV or moderated neutrons are also transportable .In stationary conditions, heavier shielding is only a cost, not a transportation problem, hence more powerful neutron sources can be used than in field conditions (i.e. isotopic neu tron sources of greater strength; laboratory neutron generators and so-called neutron multi pliers) .Reactor neutron activation analysis,charged particle and gamma activation analysis (Bremsstrahlung of varying energy, 3-40 MeV, obtained from electrostatic, linear wave-guide and cyclic electron accelerators : betatron and synchrotons) is practically restricted to sta tionary applications. The main trends of the use of various neutron and Bremsstrahlung sour ces for the study of rocks and ores have been described by Savosin et al. (15) . APPLICATIONS USING ISOTOPIC NEUTRON SOURCES AND NEUTRON MULTIPLIERS.The use of isotopic neutron sources and neutron multipliers in ore and rock analysis has been discussed in some detail by Gijbels (16) . One can use the original neutron spectrum with neutron energies up to 4...

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“…Turbidimetric and polarographic methods (4, 5) for the determination of sulfate not only required prior conversion of other forms of sulfur but were found to suffer from lack of specificity and/or reproducibility. Instrumental techniques which have been used to determine sulfur include X-ray fluorescence (6, 7), neutron activation (8), and charged-particle (9), but these either are insensitive or would have been impractical.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of sulfur by vacuum ultraviolet atomic emission spectrometry with hydrogen sulfide evolution

Swaim¹,

Ellebracht²

1979

Anal. Chem.

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immunoassay if one couples them to a suitable carrier (24). Thus, our method can be applied to environmental analysis.In clinical analysis, one commonly obtains samples taken from human serum. Serum contains a number of components which exhibit broadband fluorescence on visible excitation. When we injected a serum sample onto the HPLC column, the chromatogram contained strong peaks which overlapped the regions of both labeled insulin and labeled complex. There were no peaks, however, which corresponded to substances of molecular size greater than that of the labeled complex. Thus, at the present time, fluorescence from interfering components in serum prevents clinical applications of our technique.If one could increase the molecular size of the labeled complex by linking the antibody to a nonfluorescent inert polymer, such as another antibody and separate on a column of larger pore diameter, one could access a region of the chromatogram which is free from fluorescence interference. Other possible routes toward circumventing interference problems include temporal discrimination, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and sandwich immunoassay. These approaches are currently under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe thank F. D. Howard, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, for his helpful advice and assistance in carrying out immunochemical reactions. We are also grateful to T. Jupille, Bio-Rad Laboratories, for his counsel on chromatographic methods; G. J. Diebold, Brown University, for discussions on laser fluorimetry

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Quantitative multielement analysis using high energy particle bombardment

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules

Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules

Activation Analysis of Ores and Minerals

Determination of sulfur by vacuum ultraviolet atomic emission spectrometry with hydrogen sulfide evolution

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