For every p ∈ (0, ∞) we associate to every metric space (X, d X ) a numerical invariantThus, our new bi-Lipschitz invariant certifies that L q does not admit a bi-Lipschitz embedding into L p when 2 < q < p < ∞. This completes the long-standing search for bi-Lipschitz invariants that serve as an obstruction to the embeddability of L p spaces into each other, the previously understood cases of which were metric notions of type and cotype, which however fail to certify the nonembeddability of L q into L p when 2 < q < p < ∞. Among the consequences of our results are new quantitative restrictions on the bi-Lipschitz embeddability into L p of snowflakes of L q and integer grids in n q , for 2 < q < p < ∞. As a byproduct of our investigations, we also obtain results on the geometry of the Schatten p trace class S p that are new even in the linear setting.