Quantitative similarity assessment of non-linear chemical fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine by similarity system theory

Abstract

The similarities of the non-linear chemical (NLC) fingerprints of Radix Glycyrrhizaes from four producing areas and eight other traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were calculated, using a systemic similarity calculation method proposed and three other main calculation ones (Euclidean distance, correlation coefficient and included angle cosine). All of the correlation coefficient similarities of different TCMs are higher than 0.952, and the included angle cosines are all higher than 0.962. So, both the correlation coefficient and included angle cosine similarities are unable to be used as the criteria for quantitatively evaluating the similarities of NLC fingerprints of TCMs. Although all of the Euclidean distance similarities of Berry Liquorices from four producing areas are less than 73, those of the other eight TCMs are all more than 180. The Euclidean distance cannot reflect the relative magnitudes of the feature differences in the NLC fingerprints very correctly. The systemic similarity method is the best among the four ones. All of the systemic similarities of Berry Liquorices from the four producing areas are higher than 0.962, while those of the other eight TCMs are all lower than 0.805, and the systemic similarity can reflect the differences between samples most faithfully, and can be used as a quantitative one evaluating the similarities of NLC fingerprints of TCMs, by which TCM could be distinguished and evaluated quickly, simply and exactly.

Identification of cow milk in goat milk by nonlinear chemical fingerprint technique

“…Process of a nonlinear chemical reaction is very complicated and involves oxidation–reduction reaction, precipitation reaction, neutralization reaction and free radical reaction [ 23 ]. In this study, the mechanism of B–Z oscillatory reaction to use Mn 2+ , , H + , acetone and glucose as the reaction substrates was discussed.…”

“…1 that the essential characteristic information of nonlinear chemical fingerprint mainly included inductive time ( t ind ), undulatory period ( τ und ), undulatory life ( t und ), canyon potential ( E can ), canyon time ( t can ), peak top potential ( E pet ), peak top time ( t pet ), oscillatory start potential ( E uns ), oscillatory end potential ( E une ), oscillatory end time ( t uns ), maximum amplitude ( ΔE max ), which were defined as quantitative information. All of them were described in detail in the literature [ 22 , 23 ]. The researchers [ 23 ] pointed that oscillation wave shape of fingerprint could reflect the characteristics of complex samples, and inductive time, oscillatory life, oscillatory period and oscillatory curve were holistic quantitative information on chemistry components of samples.…”

“…All of them were described in detail in the literature [ 22 , 23 ]. The researchers [ 23 ] pointed that oscillation wave shape of fingerprint could reflect the characteristics of complex samples, and inductive time, oscillatory life, oscillatory period and oscillatory curve were holistic quantitative information on chemistry components of samples. Furthermore, the fingerprint information was very important and helpful for distinguishing and evaluating of goat milk and cow milk.…”

Kinetic Determination of Urea in Milk Powder by Nonlinear Chemical Fingerprint Technique

“…Nonlinear chemical fingerprint contained abundant qualitative and quantitative information due to its dynamic property. In this study, nonlinear chemical fingerprint (Figure 1) was obtained by adding 1g of pure milk powder into the reactor, which obviously showed that the essential characteristic information of nonlinear chemical fingerprint mainly included undulatory period ( und τ ), undulatory life ( und t ), inductive time ( ind t ), canyon potential ( can E ), canyon time ( can t ), peak top potential ( pet E ), peak top time ( pet t ), oscillatory end potential ( une E ), oscillatory start potential ( uns E ), maximum amplitude ( max E ∆ ), oscillatory end time ( uns t ), which were reported in details in other studies [22]. Oscillation wave shape of fingerprint reflects characteristics of complex samples, and quantitative information is of vital importance for distinguishing and evaluating milk powder.…”

“…Oscillation wave shape of fingerprint reflects characteristics of complex samples, and quantitative information is of vital importance for distinguishing and evaluating milk powder. Therefore, inductive curve, oscillatory curve, oscillatory-end curve and a part of the equilibrium curve constituted the whole nonlinear chemical fingerprint [22].…”