Quantitative topographic anatomy of the femoral ACL footprint: a micro-CT analysis

Norman, D; Getgood, Alan; Thornby, John Albert; Bird, Jonathan; Turley, Glen A.; Spalding, Tim; Williams, Mark A.

doi:10.1007/s11517-014-1196-0

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…10 We originally set out to examine the surface topography of the lateral femoral condyle to examine the use of surgical landmarks as reference points for the ACL, which have been found to be highly variable. 20 There does appear to be a relationship between the intercondylar ridge and the underlying areas of bone sclerosis, following on from previous descriptions of the ridge being part of the attachment point of the ''direct'' (or most functional) fibers of the ACL. However, that relationship is not entirely consistent; …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Despite the objectiveness of the surface topology maps, colored based on relief (Figure 6), identifying the exact location of the lateral intercondylar ridge can be difficult and requires experience with this form of analysis. 20 Therefore, in Figure 7, we diagrammatically represent the location of the lateral intercondylar ridge (sometimes raised areas colored blue, sometimes step changes in height) to allow a clearer visual comparison between the surface topology and the regions of cortical thickening.…”

Section: Norman Et Al the American Journal Of Sports Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cortical Bony Thickening of the Lateral Intercondylar Wall: The Functional Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

et al. 2016

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Background: The anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has become the subject of much debate. There has been extensive study into attachment points of the native ligament, especially regarding the femoral attachment. Some of these studies have suggested that fibers in the ACL are of differing functional importance. Fibers with higher functional importance would be expected to exert larger mechanical stress on the bone. According to Wolff’s law, cortical thickening would be expected in these areas. Purpose: To examine cortical thickening in the region of the ACL footprint (ie, the functional footprint of the ACL). Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Using micro–computed tomography with resolutions ranging from 71 to 91 μm, the cortical thickness of the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch in 17 cadaveric knees was examined, along with surface topography. After image processing, the relationship between the cortical thickening and surface topology was visually compared. Results: A pattern of cortical thickening consistent with the functional footprint of the ACL was found. On average, this area was 3 times thicker than the surrounding bone and significantly thicker than the remaining lateral wall ( P < .0001). This thickening was roughly elliptical in shape (with a mean centroid at 23.5 h:31 t on a Bernard and Hertel grid) and had areas higher on the wall where greater thickness was present. The relationship to previously reported osseous landmarks was variable, although the patterns were broadly consistent with those reported in previous studies describing direct and indirect fibers of the ACL. Conclusion: The findings of this study are consistent with those of recent studies describing fibers in the ACL of differing functional importance. The area in which the thickening was found has been defined and is likely to represent the functional footprint of the ACL. Clinical Relevance: This information is of value to surgeons when determining the optimal place to position the femoral attachment site of the reconstructed ACL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Norman Et Al the American Journal Of Sports Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Bony Thickening of the Lateral Intercondylar Wall: The Functional Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

et al. 2016

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“…Manipulating raw data using a computer software program carries a risk of possible loss of anatomical detail. A previous study has already validated the procedure for extracting high-resolution surface meshes from micro-CT voxel data (Norman et al, 2014 ). Another study also verified the absolute 3D accuracy of CT-based bone outer surface meshes using STL (Almukhtar et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method to Detect 3D Mandibular Changes Related to Soft-Diet Feeding

et al. 2017

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Craniofacial morphology varies among individuals, which is regulated by the interaction between genes and the environment. Soft-diet feeding is a widely-used experimental model for studying the association between the skeletal morphology and muscle-related loading on the bone. Traditionally, these studies have been based on linear and angular measurements provided on two-dimensional (2D) radiographs in the lateral view. However, 2D observation is based on simplification of the anatomical structures and cannot detect three-dimensional (3D) changes in detail. In this study, we newly developed a modified surface-based analysis with micro-3D computed tomography (CT) to examine and detect the 3D changes in the mandible associated with soft-diet feeding. Mice at 3 weeks of age were fed a powdered soft-diet (SD) or hard-diet (HD) of regular rodent pellets until 9 weeks of age. Micro-CT images were taken at age 9 weeks to reconstruct the anatomical architecture images. A computer-generated averaged mandible was superimposed to directly visualize the morphological phenotypes. Gross observation revealed the apparent changes at the posterior body of the mandible, the angular process and the condyle between HD and SD mice. Significant differences in the mapping indicated the regions of significant displacement in the SD mice over the averaged 3D image of the HD mice. This map revealed that vertical displacement was most evident in 3D changes. We also noted a combination of vertical, transverse and anteroposterior directions of displacement in the condylar growth, resulting in complicated shape changes in the whole condylar process in SD mice. In contrast, transverse displacement was more significant in the coronoid process. The map analysis further showed the significant outward displacement of the inner surface of the alveolar process, which consequently resulted in thinning of the alveolar process.

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“…The Medical CT 3D data provided relatively low resolution models (300µm) providing anatomical context for individual micro-CT scanned models. High resolution micro-CT surface data of bone was extracted using the method described by Norman et al (2014) and was used to combine the micro-CT and medical CT data [73][74]. Key regions of interest e.g.…”

Section: Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The cutting edge — Micro-CT for quantitative toolmark analysis of sharp force trauma to bone

Norman

Watson

Burnett³

et al. 2018

Forensic Science International

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Toolmark analysis involves examining marks created on an object to identify the likely tool responsible for creating those marks (e.g., a knife). Although a potentially powerful forensic tool, knife mark analysis is still in its infancy and the validation of imaging techniques as well as quantitative approaches is ongoing. This study builds on previous work by simulating real-world stabbings experimentally and statistically exploring quantitative toolmark properties, such as cut mark angle captured by micro-CT imaging, to predict the knife responsible. In Experiment 1 a mechanical stab rig and two knives were used to create 14 knife cut marks on dry pig ribs. The toolmarks were laser and micro-CT scanned to allow for quantitative measurements of numerous toolmark properties. The findings from Experiment 1 demonstrated that both knives produced statistically different cut mark widths, wall angle and shapes. Experiment 2 examined knife marks created on fleshed pig torsos with conditions designed to better simulate real-world stabbings. Eight knives were used to generate 64 incision cut marks that were also micro-CT scanned. Statistical exploration of these cut marks suggested that knife type, serrated or plain, can be predicted from cut mark width and wall angle. Preliminary results suggest that knives type can be predicted from cut mark width, and that knife edge thickness correlates with cut mark width. An additional 16 cut marks walls were imaged for striation marks using scanning electron microscopy with results suggesting that this approach might not be useful for knife mark analysis. Results also indicated that observer judgements of cut mark shape were more consistent when rated from micro-CT images than light microscopy images. The potential to combine micro-CT data, medical grade CT data and photographs to develop highly realistic virtual models for visualisation and 3D printing is also demonstrated. This is the first study to statistically explore simulated real-world knife marks imaged by micro-CT to demonstrate the potential of quantitative approaches in knife mark analysis. Findings and methods presented in this study are relevant to both forensic toolmark researchers as well as practitioners. Limitations of the experimental methodologies and imaging techniques are discussed, and further work is recommended.

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Quantitative topographic anatomy of the femoral ACL footprint: a micro-CT analysis

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Cortical Bony Thickening of the Lateral Intercondylar Wall: The Functional Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Cortical Bony Thickening of the Lateral Intercondylar Wall: The Functional Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

A Novel Method to Detect 3D Mandibular Changes Related to Soft-Diet Feeding

The cutting edge — Micro-CT for quantitative toolmark analysis of sharp force trauma to bone

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