2015
DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.005167
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Quantum cascade lasers: 20 years of challenges

Abstract: We review the most recent technological and application advances of quantum cascade lasers, underlining the present milestones and future directions from the Mid-infrared to the Terahertz spectral range. Challenges and developments, which are the subject of the contributions to this focus issue, are also introduced.

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Cited by 467 publications
(271 citation statements)
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References 127 publications
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“…In the last decade, significant scientific effort has been directed towards identifying the main temperaturedegrading mechanisms [5][6][7][8] , as well as finding optimized QCL designs [9][10][11][12][13][14] . The degrading mechanisms include thermal backfilling 3,15 , thermally activated LO phonon emission [6][7][8]16 , increased broadening [17][18][19] , and carrier leakage into continuum states 20 . When numerically optimizing a design, it is important to take all of these effects into consideration, in order to ensure a close correspondence between the model and the real device.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the last decade, significant scientific effort has been directed towards identifying the main temperaturedegrading mechanisms [5][6][7][8] , as well as finding optimized QCL designs [9][10][11][12][13][14] . The degrading mechanisms include thermal backfilling 3,15 , thermally activated LO phonon emission [6][7][8]16 , increased broadening [17][18][19] , and carrier leakage into continuum states 20 . When numerically optimizing a design, it is important to take all of these effects into consideration, in order to ensure a close correspondence between the model and the real device.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…В среднем ИК диапазоне наи-лучшие характеристики демонстрируют униполярные квантово-каскадные лазеры (ККЛ): в диапазоне длин волн 5−16 мкм данные приборы способны обеспечивать генерацию в непрерывном режиме даже при комнатной температуре [1]. Активно развиваются и терагерцовые ККЛ [2].…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…In the meantime, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have gained tremendous development in the last two decades [3]. Nowadays, it is becoming the leading laser source in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) frequency range, and has many applications in gas sensing, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, security, and defense [4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%