Quantum Cryptography: Key Distribution and Beyond

H., Akshata Shenoy; Pathak, Anirban; Srikanth, R.

doi:10.12743/quanta.v6i1.57

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 409 publications

(514 reference statements)

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“…Introduced originally in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor in [7], this field has seen growing interest over the years with new protocols, new cryptographic primitives, and new security proofs leading to a growing research area. Furthermore, as our society begins to move towards practical implementations of quantum communication networks [8,9,10,11], the semi-quantum model may hold unique benefits allowing for potentially cheaper devices (as less "quantum capable hardware" may be required) or devices that are more robust to hardware faults (as one may switch to a semi-quantum mode of operation if some devices fail). Finally, the theoretical and practical innovations necessary to study the semi-quantum model, where users are highly restricted in their abilities, may lead to great innovations in the broader field of quantum information science.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all powerful adversary. This is a task impossible to achieve through classical communication only; indeed, to distribute a secret key through classical means requires one to assume computationally bounded adversaries. If, however, both parties are "quantum capable" then security may be attained assuming only that the adversary must obey the laws of physics. But "how quantum" must a protocol actually be to gain this advantage over classical communication? This is one of the questions semi-quantum cryptography seeks to answer.Semi-quantum communication, a model introduced in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor (PRL 99 140501), involves the use of fully-quantum users and semiquantum, or "classical" users. These classical users are only allowed to interact with the quantum channel in a limited, classical manner. Originally introduced to study the key-distribution problem, semi-quantum research has since expanded, and continues to grow, with new protocols, security proof methods, experimental implementations, and new cryptographic applications beyond key distribution. Research in the field of semi-quantum cryptography requires new insights into working with restricted protocols and, so, the tools and techniques derived in this field can translate to results in broader quantum information science. Furthermore, other questions such as the connection between quantum and classical processing, including how classical information processing can be used to counteract a quantum deficiency in a protocol, can shed light on important theoretical questions.This work surveys the history and current state-of-the-art in semi-quantum research. We discuss the model and several protocols offering the reader insight into how protocols are constructed in this realm. We discuss security proof methods and how classical post-processing can be used to counteract users' inability to perform certain quantum operations. Moving beyond key distribution, we survey current work in other * semi-quantum cryptographic protocols and current trends. We also survey recent work done in attempting to construct practical semi-quantum systems including recent experimental results in this field. Finally, as this is still a growing field, we highlight, throughout this survey, several open problems that we feel are important to investigate in the hopes that this will spur even more research in this topic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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“…In general, the unitaries W (2, 4, ω 24 ) · W (1, 3, ω 13 ) may be implemented with a PPBS realizing (25) with ω H = ω 13 , ω V = ω 24 , where the horizontal creation operators have indices 1, 3 and the vertical ones have indices 2, 4. However, since ω H = ω V = ω 24 = arctan (M − 2 − 2k)/2, a BS suffices to implement the transformation.…”

Section: Direct Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several theoretical and experimental proposals have been put forward [22][23][24][25][26][27][28], but the transition from theory to practice is not always straightforward. In this paper, we focus our attention on quantum measurements and consider a detection scheme which arises in optimal discrimination theory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naimark extension for the single-photon canonical phase measurement

Pozza

Paris

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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We address the implementation of the positive operator-valued measure (POVM) describing the optimal M -outcomes discrimination of the polarization state of a single photon. Initially, the POVM elements are extended to projective operators by Naimark theorem, then the resulting projective measure is implemented by a Knill-Laflamme-Milburn scheme involving an optical network and photon counters. We find the analytical expression of the Naimark extension and the detection scheme that realise it for an arbitrary number of outcomes M = 2 N .

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“…A mesoscopic distance of more than 80 nm separating the individual wave packets of about 7 nm was accomplished creating a mesoscopic Schrödinger's cat state that could allow controlled studies of quantum decoherence and study of the quantum-classical boundary. Quantum decoherence has received great interest to find a realistic solution of the long standing measurement problem and more recently for application to quantum computing [50,51] and quantum cryptography [52].…”

Section: Quantum Entanglementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Schrödinger's Cat Alive?

Bhaumik

2017

Quanta

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Erwin Schrödinger is famous for presenting his wave equation of motion that jump-started quantum mechanics. His disenchantment with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics led him to unveil the Schrödinger's cat paradox, which did not get much attention for nearly half a century. In the meantime, disappointment with quantum mechanics turned his interest to biology facilitating, albeit in a peripheral way, the revelation of the structure of DNA. Interest in Schrödinger's cat has recently come roaring back making its appearance conspicuously in numerous scientific articles. From the arguments presented here, it would appear that the legendary Schrödinger's cat is here to stay, symbolizing a profound truth that quantum reality exists at all scales; but we do not observe it in our daily macroscopic world as it is masked for all practical purposes, most likely by environmental decoherence with irreversible thermal effects.Quanta 2017; 6: 70–80.

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Quantum Cryptography: Key Distribution and Beyond

Abstract: U niquely among the sciences, quantum cryptography has driven both foundational research as well as practical real-life applications. We review the progress of quantum cryptography in the last decade, covering quantum key distribution and other applications. Quanta 2017; 6: 1-47.

Cited by 81 publications

References 409 publications

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semi-quantum cryptography

Naimark extension for the single-photon canonical phase measurement

Is Schrödinger's Cat Alive?

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