Quartz Crystal Microbalance Detection of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Based on Gold Nanorods Signal Amplification

Abstract

Recent findings have thrust poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) into the limelight as a potential biomarker and chemotherapeutic target for cancer. Thus, a sensitive method for detection of PARP-1 is necessary for early diagnosis of cancer and drug development. However, the poor electrochemical and optical activity of PARP-1 and its product poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) prompted researchers to develop more methods. Here, we developed an efficient method for the determination of PARP-1 by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) because it is mass-sensitive. Once activated by the specific DNA, PARP-1 cleaves nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose to synthesize a hyperbranched poly(ADP-ribose) polymer. Although QCM is mass-sensitive, it is not sensitive enough to discern PAR effectively. So, positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated gold nanorods (GNRs) were introduced to increase the frequency change significantly because of the strong electrostatic interaction between them with negatively charged PAR. PARP-1 ranging from 0.06 to 3 nM can be facilely detected with a low detection limit of 0.04 nM. The strategy has been used to evaluate PARP-1 inhibitors and to detect PARP-1 activity in real cancer cells lysate with satisfactory results, indicating that it was a promising candidate for clinical diagnosis and drug screening in the future.

Au Nanoparticle-Based Amplified DNA Detection on Poly-l-lysine Monolayer-Functionalized Electrodes

“…Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been widely used in biochemical analysis as a real-time, label-free, and mass-sensitive sensing platform [22,26]. To further enhance the detection sensitivity, many efforts have been made by mass amplification such as hybridization with nanoparticles [27], in situ selective crystallization [28], biocatalyzed precipitation [29], enzymatic amplification, and so on [30]. We initially used QCM-D for detection of complementary DNA (tDNA) based on AuNP signal amplification.…”

New Approaches and Biomarker Candidates for the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer

“…Commercial QCM systems have been utilised for detecting highly metastatic human breast cancer cells ( Atay et al, 2016 ; Bakhshpour et al, 2019 ), while an aptamer-based QCM was applied for the detection of leukemia cells ( Shan et al, 2014 ). QCM technology with different signal enhancing approaches has been employed for the detection of several cancer biomarkers such as the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer ( Chi et al, 2020 ), potential cancer biomarker poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) ( Yang et al, 2019 ) and even for the detection of volatile compounds like propanol, ethyl benzene, hexanal and decane which are under investigation as non-invasive lung cancer biomarkers ( AthirahAwatif Abdul Rahman et al, 2019 ). Recently, Suther et al (2020) highlighted the potential of a QCM with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) system to detect exosomal-CD63 biomarker by exploiting their surface protein profile ( Suthar et al, 2020 ).…”

Sensitive Dual-Mode Biosensors for CYFRA21-1 Assay Based on the Dual-Signaling Electrochemical Ratiometric Strategy and “On–Off–On” PEC Method

“…Highly sensitive and reliable assay of disease-related biomarkers is a crucial challenge in early diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of a disease . To date, many methods with a single response mechanism have been developed for the quantitative assays of disease-related biomarkers with high sensitivity, such as electrochemistry (EC), photoelectrochemistry (PEC), colorimetry (CL), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and fluorescence (FL), and using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) . However, the quantitative determination relying on single-mode readout may suffer from the effects of possibly co-existing interferents, different operators, apparatus, and nonstandard assay processes …”

“…1 To date, many methods with a single response mechanism have been developed for the quantitative assays of disease-related biomarkers with high sensitivity, such as electrochemistry (EC), 2 photoelectrochemistry (PEC), 3 colorimetry (CL), 4 electrochemiluminescence (ECL), 6 and fluorescence (FL), 7 and using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). 5 However, the quantitative determination relying on single-mode readout may suffer from the effects of possibly co-existing interferents, different operators, apparatus, and nonstandard assay processes. 8 To solve the above problems, dual-mode sensing platforms have recently been developed based on two different response mechanisms and relatively independent signal transduction, such as EC−PEC, 8 ECL−FL, 9 and PEC−CL.…”