Quasi-static mechanical behaviour of soils used for natural turf sports surfaces and stud force prediction

Guisasola, Igor; James, Iain; Llewellyn, Ceri; Stiles, Victoria; Dixon, Sharon

doi:10.1007/s12283-010-0035-2

Cited by 17 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The shear strength of a surface with particle layers, such as an artificial clay tennis surface, will also be dependent on the normal load [27]. The normal loading conditions affect the cohesion between particles which will affect the surface's resistance to shear [28][29].…”

Section: Mechanical Shoe-surface Traction Test Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrostatic attraction causes small particles to compress and bond under loading, increasing shear strength. Artificial clay courts are usually watered as part of a maintenance regime and this moisture content is also likely to influence traction due to changes in the shear strength of the surface [28][29].…”

Section: Understanding the Mechanisms Of Shoe-surface Contactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may explain why the wet ACC2 surface exhibits higher initial stiffness than the dry ACC2 surface. An initial increase in the strength of sand-based soils with an increase in moisture has been reported [28][29]. Negative pore pressure increases the effective stress of the surface system and causes cohesion at particle contact [28][29].…”

Section: The Influence Of Normal Loading On the Initial Stiffnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An initial increase in the strength of sand-based soils with an increase in moisture has been reported [28][29]. Negative pore pressure increases the effective stress of the surface system and causes cohesion at particle contact [28][29]. Also, considering the ACC2 surface, as moisture bonds the sand particles they are less likely to behave as single entities, and the shear strength of the surface will be dependent on the strength of cohesion between particles.…”

Section: The Influence Of Normal Loading On the Initial Stiffnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of an apparatus to understand the traction developed at the shoe–surface interface in tennis

Clarke

Carré

Damm

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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Abstract:The traction developed at the shoe-surface interface can have a significant influence on a player's injury risk and performance in tennis. The purpose of this study was to investigate shoe-surface traction on a dry acrylic hard court and two artificial clay court tennis surfaces in dry and wet conditions. A laboratory-based mechanical test rig was developed to measure the traction force developed at the shoe-surface interface. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between normal force and three measures of traction: initial stiffness, peak traction force and average dynamic traction force. The normal force did not significantly influence the initial stiffness for the shoe-surface system on the acrylic hard court but did on the artificial clay surfaces. The infill particle size and the addition of moisture influenced the traction developed on the artificial clay surfaces. Small, dry particles developed greater traction, and with a sufficiently high applied normal force will provide traction comparable to that on an acrylic hard court. However, increased particle size and/or the presence of moisture generally reduced traction. Strong and significant positive linear relationships were found between peak traction force and average dynamic traction force for all surface types and conditions. This study improves the understanding of the influence surface characteristics have on shoe-surface traction mechanisms. Once traction mechanisms are understood, surface properties and/or footwear can be effectively changed to maximise performance and/or minimise injury risk.

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Section: Mechanical Shoe-surface Traction Test Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Understanding the Mechanisms Of Shoe-surface Contactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Influence Of Normal Loading On the Initial Stiffnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Influence Of Normal Loading On the Initial Stiffnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The development of an apparatus to understand the traction developed at the shoe–surface interface in tennis

Clarke

Carré

Damm

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Natural sport surfaces are complex surface systems comprising granular soil material (made up of sand, silt, and clay particles) and a grass plant [31,32]. The tractional behaviour of a natural turf system has been found to be affected by a number of system and environmental variables-these are reported to include: particle make-up (termed 'mineralogy'); ground cover; grass species; grass root length and density; grass length; compaction; bulk density; temperature; and moisture content [23,24,28,[30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of gravimetric moisture content on studded shoe–surface interactions in soccer

Clarke

Carré

2016

Sports Eng

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It is desirable for the studs of a soccer shoe to penetrate the sport surface and provide the player with sufficient traction when accelerating. Mechanical tests are often used to measure the traction of shoe-surface combinations. Mechanical testing offers a repeatable measure of shoe-surface traction, eliminating the inherent uncertainties that exist when human participant testing is employed, and are hence used to directly compare the performance of shoe-surface combinations. However, the influence specific surface characteristics has on traction is often overlooked. Examining the influence of surface characteristics on mechanical test results improves the understanding of the traction mechanisms at the shoesurface interface. This allows footwear developers to make informed decisions on the design of studded outsoles. The aim of this paper is to understand the effect gravimetric moisture content has on the tribological mechanisms at play during stud-surface interaction. This study investigates the relationships between: the gravimetric moisture content of a natural sand-based soccer surface; surface stiffness measured via a bespoke impact test device; and surface traction measured via a bespoke mechanical test device. Regression analysis revealed that surface stiffness decreases linearly with increased gravimetric moisture content (p = 0.04). Traction was found to initially increase and then decrease with gravimetric moisture content. It was observed that: a surface of low moisture content provides low stud penetration and therefore reduced traction; a surface of high moisture content provides high stud penetration but also reduced traction due to a lubricating effect; and surfaces with moisture content in between the two extremes provide increased traction. In this study a standard commercially available stud was used and other studs may provide slightly different results. The results provide insight into the traction mechanisms at the stud-surface interface which are described in the paper. The variation between traction measurements shows the influence gravimetric moisture content will have on player performance. This highlights the requirement to understand surface conditions prior to making comparative shoe-surface traction studies and the importance of using a studded outsole that is appropriate to the surface condition during play.

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A review of turfgrass sports field variability and its implications on athlete–surface interactions

et al. 2020

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Natural turfgrass sports fields can be highly variable depending on construction, usage, and management. Research involving athlete–surface interactions often fails to thoroughly account for variability by grouping these fields into the single category of “natural turfgrass.” This can obscure results and make it difficult to identify specific field characteristics that most strongly influence athletes, making it almost impossible to implement strategies for improvement. The purpose of this literature review was to highlight the between‐ and within‐field variations of turfgrass sports fields and their influence on athlete–surface interactions. The components of turfgrass sports fields and common methods used to objectively quantify surface characteristics in situ are discussed. Then, current literature is reviewed that involves several athlete–surface interactions under a variety of turfgrass sports field scenarios. It was found that turfgrass surface characteristics generally influence athlete biomechanics, performance and physiology, perceptions, and injury occurrence. To better interpret and compare findings, it is recommended that future studies fully describe field characteristics and management practices. Consistency with field and athlete data collection methods, analysis, and reporting are also important. Athlete–surface interaction research incorporating new technologies; addressing athlete performance, physiology, and psychological aspects; and investigating athletes other than professionals is also needed. These recommendations are more likely to happen with increased collaboration between turfgrass scientists, sports turf managers, sports scientists, and sports medicine clinicians. Ultimately, the goal would be to develop evidence‐based guidelines for turfgrass sports field management that improve the overall athlete experience under an assortment of turfgrass sports field scenarios.

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Quasi-static mechanical behaviour of soils used for natural turf sports surfaces and stud force prediction

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

The development of an apparatus to understand the traction developed at the shoe–surface interface in tennis

The development of an apparatus to understand the traction developed at the shoe–surface interface in tennis

The influence of gravimetric moisture content on studded shoe–surface interactions in soccer

A review of turfgrass sports field variability and its implications on athlete–surface interactions

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