Quaternary Ammonium and Tertiary Sulfonium Compounds in Higher Plants

Rhodes, David; Hanson, Andrew D.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.002041

Cited by 1,073 publications

(418 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…[3][4][5] These include proline, sucrose, polyols, trehalose and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) such as glycine betaine, alinine betaine, proline betaine and pipecolate betaine. 6,7 The phenomenon of proline accumulation is known to occur under water deficit, 8 salinity, 9,10 low temperature, 11 heavy metal exposure [12][13][14][15] UV radiations, etc. Apart from acting as an osmolyte for osmotic adjustment, proline contributes to stabilizing sub-cellular structures (e.g., membranes and proteins), scavenging free radicals and buffering cellular redox potential under stress conditions.…”

Section: A Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of proline under changing environments

Hayat

Alyemeni³

et al. 2012

Plant Signaling & Behavior

2,207

1,149

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Section: A Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of proline under changing environments

Hayat

Alyemeni³

et al. 2012

Plant Signaling & Behavior

2,207

1,149

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“…Relevant stressors include noxious chemicals, such as urea, as well as osmotic pressures and temperatures that are sub-or supraoptimal for cell survival and population growth. Osmolyte accumulation clearly promotes bacterial growth in high-osmolality medium, and some osmolytes also confer thermal and/or urea stress tolerance on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Naturally occurring osmolytes include amino acids, sugars, and related compounds that are highly water soluble and uncharged or zwitterionic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Strains Lacking Known Osmolyte Accumulation Mechanisms Reveals Contributions of Osmolytes and Transporters to Protection against Abiotic Stress

Murdock

Burke

Coumoundouros

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Osmolyte accumulation and release can protect cells from abiotic stresses. In Escherichia coli, known mechanisms mediate osmotic stress-induced accumulation of K ؉ glutamate, trehalose, or zwitterions like glycine betaine. Previous observations suggested that additional osmolyte accumulation mechanisms (OAMs) exist and their impacts may be abiotic stress specific. Derivatives of the uropathogenic strain CFT073 and the laboratory strain MG1655 lacking known OAMs were created. CFT073 grew without osmoprotectants in minimal medium with up to 0.9 M NaCl. CFT073 and its OAM-deficient derivative grew equally well in high-and low-osmolality urine pools. Urine-grown bacteria did not accumulate large amounts of known or novel osmolytes. Thus, CFT073 showed unusual osmotolerance and did not require osmolyte accumulation to grow in urine. Yeast extract and brain heart infusion stimulated growth of the OAM-deficient MG1655 derivative at high salinity. Neither known nor putative osmoprotectants did so. Glutamate and glutamine accumulated after growth with either organic mixture, and no novel osmolytes were detected. MG1655 derivatives retaining individual OAMs were created. Their abilities to mediate osmoprotection were compared at 15°C, 37°C without or with urea, and 42°C. Stress protection was not OAM specific, and variations in osmoprotectant effectiveness were similar under all conditions. Glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were the most effective. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) was a weak osmoprotectant and a particularly effective urea protectant. The effectiveness of glycine betaine, TMAO, and proline as osmoprotectants correlated with their preferential exclusion from protein surfaces, not with their propensity to prevent protein denaturation. Thus, their effectiveness as stress protectants correlated with their ability to rehydrate the cytoplasm.

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“…Concentrations well above 1 mol/kg water have been reported (3,7). Also many plants synthesize and accumulate betaine in response to drought or salinity (5,8). In addition, correlation between cold tolerance and intracellular betaine concentration has been established (9 -12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme Halophiles Synthesize Betaine from Glycine by Methylation

Nyyssölä¹,

Kerovuo²,

Kaukinen³

et al. 2000

Journal of Biological Chemistry

175

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Glycine betaine is a compatible solute, which is able to restore and maintain osmotic balance of living cells. It is synthesized and accumulated in response to abiotic stress. Betaine acts also as a methyl group donor and has a number of important applications including its use as a feed additive. The known biosynthetic pathways of betaine are universal and very well characterized. A number of enzymes catalyzing the two-step oxidation of choline to betaine have been isolated. In this work we have studied a novel betaine biosynthetic pathway in two phylogenically distant extreme halophiles, Actinopolyspora halophila and Ectothiorhodospira halochloris. We have identified a three-step series of methylation reactions from glycine to betaine, which is catalyzed by two methyltransferases, glycine sarcosine methyltransferase and sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, with partially overlapping substrate specificity. The methyltransferases from the two organisms show high sequence homology. E. halochloris methyltransferase genes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, and betaine accumulation and improved salt tolerance were demonstrated.

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Quaternary Ammonium and Tertiary Sulfonium Compounds in Higher Plants

Cited by 1,073 publications

References 87 publications

Role of proline under changing environments

Role of proline under changing environments

Analysis of Strains Lacking Known Osmolyte Accumulation Mechanisms Reveals Contributions of Osmolytes and Transporters to Protection against Abiotic Stress

Extreme Halophiles Synthesize Betaine from Glycine by Methylation

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