Questionable child deaths in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background: Despite the efforts of the governmental child protection programs, child fatalities due to maltreatment remain a serious problem in Arab countries. Results: This retrospective study identified 87 as a total questionable child death (QCD) cases in Riyadh, the capital of Kingdome of Saudi Arabia. 52 victims (60%) were Saudi children. Nearly one-third (29%) of the cases involved the death of children ages 1-5. 21 QCDs occurred in middle and the eastern regions of the country. QCDs were most commonly reported as accidental (29%), followed by homicidal (25%). A parent was the main assailant in (38%) of the homicidal cases, and the child's relative was reported in (18%). Wounds were detected as the cause of death in 39 cases (45%). Upon examination, child negligence was reported or observed in 5 cases. Conclusion: This study provides appropriate data for planning preventive measures.

Improving electron trans-inner membrane movements in microbial electrocatalysts

“…S3, ESI †). These results demonstrated that although NR, as an electron shuttle, was worse than RF probably because the more positive E 00 value of RF (À0.208 V) 7 than NR (À0.325 V) 41 thermodynamically favored the microbial metabolism, 43 the difference in current density between NDH II and MR-1 in NR (2.6-fold) was larger than that in RF (2.0-fold) because the former bypassed the electron transfer process via the protein conduit. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of bioanodes were conducted under conditions as follows: when the anolyte was replenished (without any detectable RF), 22 h after anolyte replenishment (containing 1.09 AE 0.08 mM RF, n = 3) and 200 mM additional RF was added.…”