Quinclorac resistance induced by the suppression of the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase genes in Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis

Abstract

We previously reported that the mechanism of quinclorac resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis may be closely related to ethylene biosynthesis and the detoxification of cyanide. Differences in EcCAS gene sequences and expression levels may result in higher capacity to detoxify cyanide in resistant biotypes, which may avoid cyanide accumulation and avoid more ethylene and cyanide production and then avoid damage. In the present study, we focused on the mechanism of resistance related to ethylene biosynthesis in E. crus-galli var. zelayensis. The fresh weight of susceptible and moderately resistant biotypes were significantly reduced after treatment with quinclorac. However, AOA, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, reduced the impact of quinclorac. On pretreatment with AOA, ethylene production was significantly reduced in the three biotypes. The highly resistant biotype produced less ethylene compared to the other two biotypes. Three ACS and seven ACO genes, which are the key genes in ethylene biosynthesis, were obtained. The expression levels of EcACS-like, EcACS7, and EcACO1 varied in the three biotypes upon treatment with quinclorac, which could be manipulated by AOA. In summary, it is inferred that the expression of EcACS-like, EcACS7, and EcACO1 can be stimulated to varying extent after quinclorac treatment in three E. crus-galli var. zelayensis biotypes, which consequently results in varying levels of ethylene production. Lower expression of these three genes results in more resistance to quinclorac, which may also be related to quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli var. zelayensis.

Mechanisms of the IAA and ACC-deaminase producing strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 in enhancing wheat seedling tolerance to NaCl stress

“…In addition, previous report showed that both IAA and ACC-deaminase can stimulate plant root elongation [45]. Similarly, Gao et al (2018) reported that the species of Pseudomonas putida and T. atroviride can modulate the regulation of IAA and ethylene in the rhizosphere and within the roots to promote the development of the root system and of the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) plant by their ability to produce and degrade IAA, and ACC-deaminase activity in general [46]. Grave et al (2007) found that the phytohormone of IAA produced by the microbes that can modulate the synthesis of plant ethylene, such as inhibits the transformation of ACC into ethylene by decreasing the activity of ACO [47].…”

“…qRT-PCR was performed using a SYBR Premix Ex Taq kit (Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China) following the manufacturer′s instruction. Specific primer for each gene ( TaTGW6 , TaIAGLU , TaACO , TaACO1 , TaACO2 , TaACS , TaACS1 , TaACS7 , SOS1 and Actin genes) was designed according to the EST sequences of wheat in NCBI [46, 65, 71] using Primer Express 5.0 software that amplifies the target genes (Table 2). The Actin gene of wheat was used as an internal control.…”

Exploring quinclorac resistance mechanisms in Echinochloa crus‐pavonis from China

“…This result is generally consistent with previous studies. 26,27,43 Lower levels of inducible expression of ACS and ACO genes in quinclorac-resistant E. crus-pavonis and other species indicates that upstream auxin signal reception/ transduction in QR1 is not as efficient as in QS plants, and hence likely results in lower ethylene productionin QR1. Measurement of ACS and ACO activities as well as ethylene levels in QR versus QS plants will provide further evidence.…”

“…mitis. [25][26][27] Higher basal levels of gene expression and/or activity of the HCN detoxifying enzyme ⊎-cyanoalanine synthase (⊎-CAS) were also found in resistant versus susceptible plants in weedy species like Digitaria ischaemum, E. phyllopogon, E. crus-galli var. zelayensis, and E. crus-galli var.…”

Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction

“…It not only generates differential genes, but also the functional molecular markers like simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and SNPs in various minor millet species. Enormous transcript profiles have been developed in weedy Echinochloa species till date for various traits associated with invasiveness and adaptations such as herbicide resistance, photosynthesis, flooding response, and other homeobox genes (Li et al, 2013a,b;Yang et al, 2013;Nah et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2017;Gao et al, 2018). Recently, transcriptome sequences developed from cultivated E. frumentacea variety CO (Kv) 2, yielded 97,065 transcripts with an average length of 94 Mbp (Murukarthick et al, 2019).…”