Rabies in North America and Europe

Finnegan, Christopher; Brookes, Sharon M.; Johnson, Nicholas; Smith, Jemma; Mansfield, Karen L.; Keene, Victoria L; McElhinney, Lorraine M.

doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.1.9

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Rabies occurs in two epidemiologic forms: urban rabies, with domestic dogs as the main reservoir and transmitter; and sylvatic rabies, with wildlife as the reservoir and transmitter of the disease (DeMattos et al., 1996). Urban rabies is endemic in most parts of the developing countries of Asia and Africa, and in Latin American and Caribbean countries, whilst North America and Europe have wildlife rabies (Finnegan et al., 2002; Belotto et al., 2005; Bourhy et al., 2005; Knobel et al., 2005). Urban dog rabies has been largely eliminated in Europe, North America and some Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea) by massive dog vaccination, stray dog reduction programmes and enforcement of dog regulations (Finnegan et al., 2002; Belotto et al., 2005; Wilde et al., 2007; Takahashi‐Omoe et al., 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Rabies Occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009

Tenzin

Dhand

Ward

2011

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Impacts  This study evaluated rabies incidence and seasonal trends in domestic animals inBhutan from 1996 to 2009.  Rabies cases in animals were reported throughout the year with a higher incidence during spring and summer months. The number of reported cases was stable from 1996 to 2005 but increased in 2006 and 2008.  Fifty-nine of the 205 sub-districts reported rabies between 1996 and 2009, with a higher incidence in southern Bhutan. There was a positive temporal correlation between the number of cases reported in dogs and other domestic animals. SummaryThis study was conducted to evaluate incidence and seasonal trends of rabies in dogs and other domestic animals in Bhutan from 1996 to 2009. Time series analysis approach was used to determine the seasonal trend and temporal association between species-specific rabies cases in animals. A total of 814 rabies cases were reported during the 14-year period, of which cattle and domestic dogs accounted for 55% (447/814) and 39% (317/814) of the cases, respectively. The remaining 6% of the cases (50/814) were reported in horses (2%), cats (2%), pigs (1%) and goats (1%). Rabies cases were reported throughout the year with more reports during spring and summer months. The annual patterns of cases were stable from 1996 to 2005, but the incidence increased during 2006 and 2008. Fifty-nine of the 205 sub-districts reported rabies in animals from 1996 to 2009 with increased incidences in the four districts in southern Bhutan, an area located close to the border towns of India. A significant (P < 0.05) positive cross-correlation was observed between the number of cases in 2 dogs and other domestic animals at time lags (months) 1-3 with the highest correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.05) observed at time lag 0 (same month) indicating that the peak in rabies incidences occur in the same month when both dogs and other domestic animal cases are reported. Regression analysis predicted rabies in other domestic animal when there are reports of rabies in dogs during the previous months. This study provides useful information about the epidemiology of rabies that can be used to plan a rabies control programme in Bhutan.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Rabies Occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009

Tenzin

Dhand

Ward

2011

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…In Poland, the main reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) is red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) [9, 12, 22, 30]. To reduce the number of rabies cases in Poland, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of foxes was introduced in 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Poland

Orłowska

Zmudzinski

2014

Arch Virol

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The paper describes a phylogenetic study of 58 Polish isolates of rabies virus collected between 1992 and 2010. Sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes approximately 600 bp long were compared with reference sequences (GenBank) of European rabies viruses from neighbouring countries. The study confirmed a very high level of homology (94.4–100 %) of the Polish rabies virus strains irrespective of the date of isolation. Two variants of rabies virus: NEE (Northeastern Europe variant) and CE (Central Europe variant), depending on the geographical place of isolation, were circulating in Poland from 1992 to 2010. The Polish rabies virus isolates showed high similarity to European RABV strains, especially those collected in Ukraine and Romania. They were clearly different from vaccine strains SAD B19 and SAD Bern, which have been used for oral vaccination of foxes against rabies in Poland since 1993.

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“…The disease spread even to Australia, where it became endemic in 1996 [4,5]. Some countries, such as the USA and some European nations, have been able to keep the cycle of urban rabies under control, except for sporadic transmission by wild animals [6,7]. According to the report entitled Boletín: Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Rabia en las Américas [8], dogs were the agents responsible for 73.7% of the 60 cases of human rabies reported in the Americas in 2001; by contrast, only in North America did domestic feline cases exceed those in Latin America.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral immune response in dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in southeastern Brazil

Albas

Picolo

Soares

et al. 2013

J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis

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BackgroundBrazil holds annual nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies. The presence of rabies antibodies in these animals, which are among the main transmitters of rabies to humans, is a good indicator that they are immunized and protected.MethodsIn the present study we analyzed 834 serum samples from dogs and cats from the Southeast of Brazil (Presidente Prudente and Dracena cities), 12 months after the 2009 vaccination campaign. We used the technique known as rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and considered reactant those sera with values higher 0.5 IU/mL.Results and discussionReactant sample results in Presidente Prudente were 153 (51.0%) for dogs and 59 (32.6%) for cats, and in Dracena 110 (52.1%) for dogs and 71 (50.0%) for cats. We discussed vaccine coverage of animals involved in this experiment, and observed low titers < 0.5 IU/mL, especially in cats from Presidente Prudente.ConclusionAccording to the results presented in our experiment, we suggest that titers below 0.5 IU/mL are worrisome and that, for multiple reasons, animals should be immunized against rabies in the period between public vaccination campaigns. Hence, the desired vaccine coverage was not accomplished, especially among cats from Presidente Prudente.

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Rabies in North America and Europe

Cited by 37 publications

References 15 publications

Patterns of Rabies Occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009

Patterns of Rabies Occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009

Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Poland

Humoral immune response in dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in southeastern Brazil

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