Rabies in Sri Lanka: Splendid Isolation

Nanayakkara, Susilakanthi; Smith, Jean S.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.3201/eid0903.020545

Cited by 38 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There are previous reports of a variant of Rabies virus in southern India that is related to Sri Lankan lineage [1,4,9,10]. Although the robust bootstrap resampling values and their phylogenetic distance from other clusters identified them as a distinct group the above studies altogether identified only a few isolates but speculated the prevalence of this variant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 65%

Rabies in South Indian Cows: An evidence of Sri Lankan Rabies virus Variant Infection Based on the Analysis of Partial Nucleoprotein Gene

et al. 2011

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Rabies is a highly fatal non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, caused by the Rabies virus. Dogs are the major reservoir of rabies in India and are the source of infection to other domestic animals. In this report, laboratory investigation and molecular characterization of isolates from two cows with paralytic rabies is described. Necropsy brain samples from the two cows were tested for the presence of rabies antigen using a fluorescent antibody test and the results were confirmed using RT-PCR. Rabies virus was successfully isolated from both the brain samples in a murine neuroblastoma cell line. The phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene sequences of these isolates showed them to be of a variant of Rabies virus which is closely related to the Sri Lankan Rabies virus lineage as previously reported. In addition, partial nucleoprotein genes of 19 more Rabies virus isolates from southern India were sequenced and of these 11 isolates were found to be closely related to the Sri Lankan lineage. The deduced amino acid sequences of the partial nucleoprotein of the Indian isolates were 96-99% identical to the Sri Lankan isolates. This investigation re-confirms the previous speculations that the Sri Lankan variant of the virus may still be actively transmitted by animals in India.

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confidence: 65%

Rabies in South Indian Cows: An evidence of Sri Lankan Rabies virus Variant Infection Based on the Analysis of Partial Nucleoprotein Gene

et al. 2011

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“…This included viruses from South-east Asia, namely Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (Ito et al , 1999; Yamagata et al , 2007), China (Meng et al , 2007; Zhang et al , 2006) and also from Indonesia and The Philippines (Nishizono et al , 2002). Finally, the Indian subcontinent clade of RABV was distributed only within southern India and Sri Lanka (Arai et al , 2001; Nanayakkara et al , 2003). This clade is particularly notable because it occupies a basal position on the non-flying mammal part of the RABV phylogeny based on N sequences (bootstrap support of 73 %), suggesting that it was the first of this group to diverge.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus

Bourhy

Reynes

Dunham

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

225

222

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Rabies is a progressively fatal and incurable viral encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus infection. Almost all of the 55 000 annual rabies deaths in humans result from infection with dog rabies viruses (RABV). Despite the importance of rabies for human health, little is known about the spread of RABV in dog populations, and patterns of biodiversity have only been studied in limited geographical space. To address these questions on a global scale, we sequenced 62 new isolates and performed an extensive comparative analysis of RABV gene sequence data, representing 192 isolates sampled from 55 countries. From this, we identified six clades of RABV in non-flying mammals, each of which has a distinct geographical distribution, most likely reflecting major physical barriers to gene flow. Indeed, a detailed analysis of phylogeographic structure revealed only limited viral movement among geographical localities. Using Bayesian coalescent methods we also reveal that the sampled lineages of canid RABV derive from a common ancestor that originated within the past 1500 years. Additionally, we found no evidence for either positive selection or widespread population bottlenecks during the global expansion of canid RABV. Overall, our study reveals that the stochastic processes of genetic drift and population subdivision are the most important factors shaping the global phylogeography of canid RABV.

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“…In Sri Lanka, dogs are the most important animals responsible for the transmission of the rabies virus [38][39]. The REA requires that all dogs over six weeks of age be vaccinated [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study on the usefulness of information and education campaign materials in enhancing the knowledge, attitude and practice on rabies in rural Sri Lanka

Matibag

Ohbayashi

Kanda

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Background: Rabies remains endemic in Sri Lanka despite a strong government patronized anti-rabies campaign. Personal, cultural or religious beliefs have been thought to influence health practices that could render rabies prevalent in the country. Methodology: The knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of 580 household heads/members from Nuwara Eliya District, Sri Lanka, regarding rabies were explored through a structured questionnaire. An improvement/deterioration in their knowledge and practices after the use of information and education campaign (IEC) materials was assessed through a repeat exploration at an interval of four weeks. Results: Respondents showed inclination toward animal birth control (60%) rather than elimination methods (24%). There was disparity between pet owners" enthusiasm to take pets for rabies inoculation (57%) and their ability to show dog vaccination cards (40%). Almost twice more pet owners than non-pet owners believed that it is their responsibility to control the population of roaming pet dogs (aOR=1.78; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.76). The rabies leaflets were very effective in informing the people on how to deal with rabid animals, the earliest schedule

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Rabies in Sri Lanka: Splendid Isolation

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

Rabies in South Indian Cows: An evidence of Sri Lankan Rabies virus Variant Infection Based on the Analysis of Partial Nucleoprotein Gene

Rabies in South Indian Cows: An evidence of Sri Lankan Rabies virus Variant Infection Based on the Analysis of Partial Nucleoprotein Gene

The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus

A pilot study on the usefulness of information and education campaign materials in enhancing the knowledge, attitude and practice on rabies in rural Sri Lanka

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