Race, Ethnicity, and the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Adults

Hölzer, Charles E.; Copeland, Sam

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394420-7.00005-9

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…However, after adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors and COVID-19-related stressors, the odds of anxiety symptoms and self-reported worsened mental health were lower among Black compared to white respondents and did not differ significantly between Hispanic or Asian vs. white respondents, despite significantly greater experience of COVID-19-related stressors. These findings are, for the most part, consistent with a large body of evidence highlighting similar or lower prevalence of mental health conditions among racial/ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic white individuals pre-pandemic ( Holzer III and Copeland, 2013 ), despite greater experience of adversity ( Riehm et al., 2021 a). The lower odds of distress among Black compared to white respondents in this study are also consistent with results from a recent longitudinal study of mental distress using Understanding America Study data from March to August 2020 ( Riehm et al., 2021 b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Studies have demonstrated that positive emotions, such as finding positive meaning in stressful situations, are associated with greater resilience and better mental health ( Tugade and Fredrickson, 2004 ). The findings of this study may also reflect differences in symptom expression, familiarity with mental health concepts and language, and stigma associated with communicating these experiences by race/ethnicity that led to less endorsement of the mental health indicators in this study ( Holzer III and Copeland, 2013 ). For example, the PHQ-4 does not include the additional somatic symptoms that comprise Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) depressive and anxiety disorders ( American Psychiatric Association 2013 ) and are more commonly reported among specific racial/ethnic groups ( Kim et al., 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South

Goldmann

Hagen

Khoury

et al. 2021

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background The mental health of racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States may be disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic due to greater experience of peri-pandemic stressors. Yet, few studies have systematically examined racial/ethnic differences in mental health outcomes in this context. Methods Data came from the COVID-19 Southern Cities Study, a probability-based, cross-sectional study conducted in May/June 2020 among adults living in the metropolitan statistical areas of Atlanta, Austin, Dallas, Houston, and New Orleans. Unadjusted and adjusted associations between racial/ethnic identity and past-week depression and/or anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score ≥ 3 or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 score ≥ 3), trouble sleeping, physical reactions when thinking about COVID-19, and self-rated worsened mental health due to the pandemic were estimated in separate logistic regression models. Results Over 30% of respondents reported depression and/or anxiety symptoms, 21% reported physical reactions, 25% had trouble sleeping, and 33% worsened mental health since the pandemic began. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics and pandemic-related stressors, odds of anxiety symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–0.95) and worsened mental health (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36–0.94) were lower among non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic white respondents. Limitations No diagnostic assessments were used, and results may not be generalizable to later phases of the pandemic and the entire U.S. South. Conclusions Despite greater pandemic-related stressor experience, poor mental health outcomes were not more common among racial/ethnic minority individuals. However, interventions to reduce disparities in stressor experience and promote mental health are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South

Goldmann

Hagen

Khoury

et al. 2021

Journal of Affective Disorders

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The combined prevalence across primary and secondary psychological outcomes was 34%. These figures are above the expected “non-epidemic” rates reported in epidemiological studies, (Holzer, 2013) and are consistent with the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (Tsang et al, 2004; Yip et al, 2010) and with the predicted psychological impact of quarantine measures associated with COVID-19 (Brooks et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The prevalence of psychological consequences of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

et al. 2020

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A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted to examine the overall prevalence of psychological health outcomes during COVID-19. Seven databases were systematically searched to include studies reporting on at least one psychological outcome. The pooled prevalence of primary psychological outcomes was 26% (95%CI: 21–32). Pooled prevalence for symptoms of PTSD was 33% (0–86), anxiety 28% (21–36), stress 27% (14–43), and depression 22% (13–33). The prevalence of psychological outcomes was similar in healthcare workers and in the general population (34% [24–44] and 33% [27–40] respectively). High prevalence figures support the importance of ensuring adequate provision of resources for mental health.

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“…A prior study found that variations in social support explained differences in PTSD between Black and White inner-city women in the USA (Gaffey et al, 2019). Racial/ethnic identity may also be a proxy for experiences of minoritized groups that confer greater risk for mental health problems (Holzer & Copeland, 2013). For example, US racial/ethnic minority populations are more likely to live in high-stress environments (Jackson, Knight, & Rafferty, 2010), and pre-trauma life stress has been found to be strongly associated with posttraumatic stress (Carlson et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic symptoms following traumatic injury or illness

et al. 2022

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Background Racial/ethnic differences in mental health outcomes after a traumatic event have been reported. Less is known about factors that explain these differences. We examined whether pre-, peri-, and post-trauma risk factors explained racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients hospitalized following traumatic injury or illness. Methods PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms were assessed during hospitalization and 2 and 6 months later among 1310 adult patients (6.95% Asian, 14.96% Latinx, 23.66% Black, 4.58% multiracial, and 49.85% White). Individual growth curve models examined racial/ethnic differences in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms at each time point and in their rate of change over time, and whether pre-, peri-, and post-trauma risk factors explained these differences. Results Latinx, Black, and multiracial patients had higher acute PTSD symptoms than White patients, which remained higher 2 and 6 months post-hospitalization for Black and multiracial patients. PTSD symptoms were also found to improve faster among Latinx than White patients. Risk factors accounted for most racial/ethnic differences, although Latinx patients showed lower 6-month PTSD symptoms and Black patients lower acute and 2-month depression and anxiety symptoms after accounting for risk factors. Everyday discrimination, financial stress, past mental health problems, and social constraints were related to these differences. Conclusion Racial/ethnic differences in risk factors explained most differences in acute and longer-term PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Understanding how these risk factors relate to posttraumatic symptoms could help reduce disparities by facilitating early identification of patients at risk for mental health problems.

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Race, Ethnicity, and the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Adults

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South

An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South

The prevalence of psychological consequences of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic symptoms following traumatic injury or illness

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