Race, sex and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a review.

Caplan, Louis R.; Gorelick, P. B.; Hier, Daniel B.

doi:10.1161/01.str.17.4.648

Cited by 507 publications

(350 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…16,22 For example, the prevalence of intracranial compared with extracranial carotid disease varies among ethnic groups, with intracranial atherosclerosis more common in Asian and African populations and extracranial carotid and aortic arch atherosclerotic disease more common in white populations. 31,32 Therefore, a given pattern of atherosclerotic risk factors present in a population could result in different patterns of ischemic heart disease and stroke based on host factors alone.…”

Section: Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Variation in the Relative Burden of Stroke and Ischemic Heart Disease

2011

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Background-Although stroke and ischemic heart disease (IHD) have several well-established risk factors in common, the extent of global variation in the relative burdens of these forms of vascular disease and reasons for any observed variation are poorly understood. Methods and Results-We analyzed mortality and disability-adjusted life-year loss rates from stroke and IHD, as well as national estimates of vascular risk factors that have been developed by the World Health Organization Burden of Disease Program. National income data were derived from World Bank estimates. We used linear regression for univariable analysis and the Cuzick test for trends. Among 192 World Health Organization member countries, stroke mortality rates exceeded IHD rates in 74 countries (39%), and stroke disability-adjusted life-year loss rates exceeded IHD rates in 62 countries (32%). Stroke mortality ranged from 12.7% higher to 27.2% lower than IHD, and stroke disability-adjusted life-year loss rates ranged from 6.2% higher to 10.2% lower than IHD. Stroke burden was disproportionately higher in China, Africa, and South America, whereas IHD burden was higher in the Middle East, North America, Australia, and much of Europe. Lower national income was associated with higher relative mortality (PϽ0.001) and burden of disease (Pϭ0.001) from stroke. Diabetes mellitus prevalence and mean serum cholesterol were each associated with greater relative burdens from IHD even after adjustment for national income. Conclusions-There is substantial global variation in the relative burden of stroke compared with IHD. The disproportionate burden from stroke for many lower-income countries suggests that distinct interventions may be required. (Circulation. 2011; 124:314-323.)

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Section: Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Variation in the Relative Burden of Stroke and Ischemic Heart Disease

2011

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“…Sonographic examinations were performed by using a standard colorduplex sonography system equipped with a linear-array transducer (5)(6)(7)(8) for the extracranial examination and a low-frequency (2-3 MHz) phased-array transducer for transtemporal insonation (Elegra, 2.5PL20, 7.5L40; Siemens, Issaquah, Wash; or Logiq 500, 2.9/ 2.0S222, 6.7/5.0L739; GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan). Standard extracranial color-coded duplex sonography (ECCS) was performed to evaluate atherosclerotic lesions in case the extracranial vessels were studied before transcranial insonation.…”

Section: Transcranial Sonography Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Ischemic stroke due to atherosclerosis of intracranial large arteries has been reported in approximately 8%-29% of adults in general, with a higher prevalence in African and Asian populations. [4][5][6] The intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) is the most common location for intracranial stenosis of Ͼ50%; such cases compose up to 49% of all intracranial artery stenoses. 1,7 Patients with severe (Ն70%) intracranial stenosis have a higher risk of stroke than patients with moderate (50%-69%) intracranial stenosis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography for Detection of Distal Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis

Valaikienė¹,

Schuierer²,

Ziemus³

et al. 2008

American Journal of Neuroradiology

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Gradation of high-grade intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis poses a challenge to noninvasive neurovascular imaging, which seems critical for angioplasty in the ICA segments C1 and C5. We investigated cutoff values of intracranial ICA stenosis for transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) and compared this method with the "gold standard," digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

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“…The basilar artery (BA) is one of the largest cerebral arteries and known to be affected most commonly by atherosclerosis, particularly in the mid to distal portions 1) . A unique feature of the BA is that it displays angulation in its course due to its anatomic relationships with surrounding structures, with two components of BA angulation to be analyzed, as we reported previously 2) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basilar Artery Angulation in Association with Aging and Pontine Lacunar Infarction: A Multicenter Observational Study

Jeong

Nam

Kim

et al. 2015

J Atheroscler Thromb

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Aim: Deep pontine lacunar infarction (DPLI) not involving the basal pial surface of the medial part of the pons, is known to be a small vessel disease in the territory of the basilar artery (BA). In the present study, we examined whether morphological features of the BA differ in individuals with an advanced age and may be associated with DPLI. Methods: This study included 338 healthy subjects and 78 patients with DPLI treated at the stroke centers of three university hospitals in Korea. Time-Of-Flight magnetic resonance angiographic images were transported to a central lab and analyzed blind to obtain the clinical data. For the quantitative analysis, the BA was projected two-dimensionally in the anteroposterior and lateral views and perceived as triangles of the vertebrobasilar junction, angulation point and BA division. The angles and triangular areas were summated into angulation indexes and used to quantify the degree of BA tortuosity. Results: The BA showed a more acute angle at the angulation point in the elderly patients than in the healthy subjects. Compared to the healthy subjects, the DPLI patients exhibited significantly larger angles at the vertebrobasilar junction, in addition to the acute angles noted at the angulation point. A unit increase in the BA angle indexes at the vertebrobasilar junction and angulation points for DPLI was found to have an odds ratio of 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.26) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91-0.99), respectively, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: The angulation point of the BA becomes more acute in elderly individuals. In this study, the vertebrobasilar junction showed a larger angle in the patients with DPLI than in the healthy controls. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2015; 22: 509-517.

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Race, sex and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a review.

Cited by 507 publications

References 103 publications

Global Variation in the Relative Burden of Stroke and Ischemic Heart Disease

Global Variation in the Relative Burden of Stroke and Ischemic Heart Disease

Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography for Detection of Distal Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis

Basilar Artery Angulation in Association with Aging and Pontine Lacunar Infarction: A Multicenter Observational Study

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