2015
DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0124-9
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Racial/Ethnic Differences in Childhood Blood Lead Levels Among Children <72 Months of Age in the United States: a Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract: Childhood lead poisoning is a serious public health problem with long-term adverse effects. Healthy People 2020's environmental health objective aims to reduce childhood blood lead levels; however, efforts may be hindered by potential racial/ethnic differences. Recent recommendations have lowered the blood lead reference level. This review examined racial/ethnic differences in blood lead levels among children under 6 years of age. We completed a search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases for published wo… Show more

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Cited by 51 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…In addition to the occupational exposures we considered, several other sources of lead exposure such as diet, genetic variability other than ALAD and environmental exposure to leaded gas were not considered in our analyses. Furthermore, black Americans have consistently higher levels of blood lead in NHANES than white Americans,32 which suggests a potential for residual confounding by race; however we did not observe any significant results in race-stratified analyses. We did not validate our exposure assessment approach.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 62%
“…In addition to the occupational exposures we considered, several other sources of lead exposure such as diet, genetic variability other than ALAD and environmental exposure to leaded gas were not considered in our analyses. Furthermore, black Americans have consistently higher levels of blood lead in NHANES than white Americans,32 which suggests a potential for residual confounding by race; however we did not observe any significant results in race-stratified analyses. We did not validate our exposure assessment approach.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 62%
“…We particularly found higher BLLs in children belonging to socially disadvantaged caste groups. A recent systematic review of the literature also demonstrated a significant effect of ethnicity and racism on BLLs [27]. However, a study conducted in Chitwan valley of Terai region has reported no significant association of cord blood lead level with caste [28].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover our control group lead level is similar to that reported in China, where median levels of blood lead levels in the male and female population aged 0-18 years old were 48.8 μg/dl and 46.1 μg/dl, respectively [19]. Similarly, in the United States, the average blood lead concentrations were 22.8 μg/dl, 45.5 μg/dl, and 40.7 μg/dl for Caucasian, black, and Hispanic and Mexican American adolescents, respectively [20]. Biomonitoring studies on levels of lead and associated biomarkers provide public health officials with reference values so that they can determine whether people have been exposed to higher levels of lead than are found in the general population.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%