Racial/Ethnic Differences in Drug- and Alcohol-Related Arrest Outcomes in a Southwest County From 2009 to 2018

Camplain, Ricky; Camplain, Carolyn; Trotter, Robert T.; Pro, George; Sabo, Samantha; Eaves, Emery R.; Peoples, Marie; Baldwin, Julie A.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.305409

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Research on larger data sets within the same county indicates racial/ethnic disparities in arrest outcomes (Camplain et al, 2020). We did not conduct analysis of ethnic differences in our sample because of the small sample size and already skewed racial/ethnic composition of people incarcerated in the jail (58% American Indian/Alaska Native).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The broader survey implemented as part of this study aimed to understand multiple health factors experienced by people incarcerated in a county jail. People incarcerated in jail are distinct from people incarcerated in prison because of the shorter duration of incarceration, often averaging only one day (Camplain et al, 2020). More detailed understanding of ACEs and types of substance use in this population, therefore, has implications for both jail-based substance use intervention programming and community-based programming because jail experiences are often recurring and can compound the negative impacts of other social determinants of health (Lambdin et al, 2018).…”

Section: Social Determinants Of Health Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse childhood experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail

Eaves

Camplain

Lininger

et al. 2020

IJPH

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to characterize the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use among people incarcerated in a county jail. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was administered to 199 individuals incarcerated in a Southwest county jail as part of a social-epidemiological exploration of converging comorbidities in incarcerated populations. Among 96 participants with complete ACEs data, the authors determined associations between individual ACEs items and a summative score with methamphetamine (meth), heroin, other opiates and cocaine use and binge drinking in the 30 days prior to incarceration using logistic regression. Findings People who self-reported use of methamphetamine, heroin, other opiates or cocaine in the 30 days prior to incarceration had higher average ACEs scores. Methamphetamine use was significantly associated with living with anyone who served time in a correctional facility and with someone trying to make them touch sexually. Opiate use was significantly associated with living with anyone who was depressed, mentally ill or suicidal; living with anyone who used illegal street drugs or misused prescription medications; and if an adult touched them sexually. Binge drinking was significantly associated with having lived with someone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic. Social implications The findings point to a need for research to understand differences between methamphetamine use and opiate use in relation to particular adverse experiences during childhood and a need for tailored intervention for people incarcerated in jail. Originality/value Significant associations between methamphetamine use and opiate use and specific ACEs suggest important entry points for improving jail and community programming.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Social Determinants Of Health Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse childhood experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail

Eaves

Camplain

Lininger

et al. 2020

IJPH

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“…These narratives demonizing and targeting Black people who use substances have continuously reinforced racist policies increasing policing in Black communities and, until recently, heightening sentencing recommendations for even first-time, minor drug charges (Cooper, 2015;Lynch, 2012). As such, generations of Black people have been imprisoned at rates far higher than their White counterparts for similar behaviors (Camplain et al, 2020;Cooper, 2015;Lynch, 2012), and the associated stigma and stereotypes persist today. Indeed, there remain many Black people in prison for mere marijuana possession charges in states where recreational marijuana use has been legal for years.…”

Section: Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychology's Contributions to Anti-Blackness in the United States within Psychological Research, Criminal Justice, and Mental Health

Auguste¹,

Bowdring²,

Kasparek³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The mass incarceration of Black people in the United States is gaining attention as a public health crisis with extreme mental health implications. Although it is well-documented that historical efforts to oppress and control Black people in the United States helped shape definitions of mental illness and crime, many psychologists are unaware of the ways our field has contributed to the conception and perpetuation of anti-Blackness and, consequently, the mass incarceration of Black people. In this paper, we draw from existing theory and empirical evidence to demonstrate historical and contemporary examples of psychology’s oppression of Black people through research and clinical practices and consider how this history directly contradicts the American Psychological Association (APA)’s ethics code. First, we outline how anti-Blackness informed the history of psychological diagnoses and research. Next, we discuss how contemporary systems of forensic practice, including assessment and treatment approaches informed by psychological research, maintain historical harm. Specific recommendations highlight strategies for interrupting the criminalization of Blackness and offer example steps psychologists can take to redefine psychology’s relationship with justice. We conclude by calling on psychologists to recognize our unique power and responsibility to interrupt the criminalization and pathologizing of Blackness as researchers and mental health providers.

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“…Indeed, African-American communities are over policed and experience drug possession charges substantially more frequently than Caucasian drug users. 12 Furthermore, compared to Caucasian drug users, addiction in the African-American community is often criminalized, 13 rather than treated as a medical emergency.…”

Section: Substance Use Disorder and Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of DNA Risk Alleles to Determine Epigenetic Repair of mRNA Expression to Prove Therapeutic Effectiveness in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Embracing “Precision Behavioral Management”

Blum¹,

Steinberg²,

Gondré–Lewis³

et al. 2021

PRBM

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This is a review of research on “Precision Behavioral Management” of substance use disorder (SUD). America is experiencing a high prevalence of substance use disorder, primarily involving legal and illegal opioid use. A 3000% increase in treatment for substance abuse has occurred between 2000 and 2016. Unfortunately, present day treatment of opioid abuse involves providing replacement therapy with powerful opioids to, at best, induce harm reduction, not prophylaxis. These interventions do not enhance gene expression and restore the balance of the brain reward system’s neurotransmitters. We are proposing a generalized approach called “Precision Behavioral Management”. This approach includes 1) using the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS, a 10 candidate polymorphic gene panel shown to predict ASI-alcohol and drug severity) to assess early pre-disposition to substance use disorder; 2) using a validated reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) questionnaire; 3) utilization of the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD™) to assess treatment compliance and abstinence from illicit drugs during treatment, and, importantly; 4) utilization of a “Pro-dopamine regulator (KB220)” (via IV or oral [KB220Z] delivery systems) to optimize gene expression, restore the balance of the Brain Reward Cascade’s neurotransmitter systems and prevent relapse by induction of dopamine homeostasis, and; 5) utilization of targeted DNA polymorphic reward genes to direct mRNA genetic expression profiling during the treatment process. Incorporation of these events can be applied to not only the under-considered African-American RDS community, but all victims of RDS, as a demonstration of a paradigm shift that uniquely provides a novel putative “standard of care” based on DNA guided precision nutrition therapy to induce “dopamine homeostasis” and rebalance neurotransmitters in the Brain Reward Cascade. We are also developing a Reward Deficiency Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria (RDSDC) to assist in potential tertiary treatment.

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Racial/Ethnic Differences in Drug- and Alcohol-Related Arrest Outcomes in a Southwest County From 2009 to 2018

Cited by 41 publications

References 22 publications

Adverse childhood experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail

Adverse childhood experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail

Psychology's Contributions to Anti-Blackness in the United States within Psychological Research, Criminal Justice, and Mental Health

A Review of DNA Risk Alleles to Determine Epigenetic Repair of mRNA Expression to Prove Therapeutic Effectiveness in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Embracing “Precision Behavioral Management”

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