Racing through life: maturation rate plasticity regulates overcompensation and increases persistence

Karatayev, Vadim A.; Kraft, Clifford E.; Zipkin, Elise F.

doi:10.1890/es14-00513.1

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…, Abrams , Schröder et al. , Karatayev and Kraft , Cortez and Abrams ). Central to all of these forms of population increases in response to added mortality is the action of density dependence on some component of the population (Abrams ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For this hypothesis to create a Hydra effect, density dependence must be strong (Abrams ).Density‐dependent constraints on a population could include nutrient limitation (de Roos et al. ), or increased developmental time (Karatayev and Kraft ) with increasing population density (Gromko et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Hydra effect in response to mortality is expected to be associated with production of the next life cycle stage that is greater than (stage-specific overcompensation) or equal to (stage-specific compensation) that which would have resulted without that mortality (Zipkin et al 2009). These effects may be manifest in number of individuals in a stage or total biomass in a stage, and have been demonstrated in varied systems (Jonz en and Lundberg 1999, de Roos et al 2007, Zipkin et al 2008, Pardini et al 2009, Huss and Nilsson 2011, Ohlberger et al 2011, and a number of different mathematical models have been shown to result in these counter-intuitive effects by a multiplicity of mechanisms (de Roos et al 2007, Seno 2008, Zipkin et al 2008, Abrams 2009, Schr€ oder et al 2009, Karatayev and Kraft 2015, Cortez and Abrams 2016. Central to all of these forms of population increases in response to added mortality is the action of density dependence on some component of the population (Abrams 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How can mortality increase population size? A test of two mechanistic hypotheses

McIntire

Juliano

2018

Ecology

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Overcompensation occurs when added mortality increases survival to the next life-cycle stage. Overcompensation can contribute to the Hydra effect, wherein added mortality increases equilibrium population size. One hypothesis for overcompensation is that added mortality eases density dependence, increasing survival to adulthood ("temporal separation of mortality and density dependence"). Mortality early in the life cycle is therefore predicted to cause overcompensation, whereas mortality later in the life cycle is not. Another hypothesis for overcompensation is that threat of mortality (e.g., from predation) causes behavioral changes that reduce overexploitation of resources, allowing resource recovery, and increasing production of adults ("prudent resource exploitation"). Behaviorally active predation cues alone are therefore predicted to cause overcompensation. We tested these predictions in two experiments with larvae of two species of Aedes. As predicted, early mortality yielded greater production of adults, and of adult females, and greater estimated rate of population increase than did later mortality. Addition of water-borne predation cues usually reduced browsing on surfaces in late-stage larvae, but contrary to prediction, resulted in neither significantly greater production of adult mosquitoes nor significantly greater estimated rate of increase. Thus we have strong evidence that timing of mortality contributes to overcompensation and the Hydra effect in mosquitoes. Evidence that predation cues alone can result in overcompensation via prudent resource exploitation is lacking. We expect the overcompensation in response to early mortality will be common in organisms with complex life cycles, density dependence among juveniles, and developmental control of populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How can mortality increase population size? A test of two mechanistic hypotheses

McIntire

Juliano

2018

Ecology

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“…, Zipkin et al. , Karatayev and Kraft ). Population regulation by maturation vs. reproduction determines whether overcompensation can occur in the juvenile and adult stage (De Roos et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding the sweet spot: What levels of larval mortality lead to compensation or overcompensation in adult production?

Neale

Juliano

2019

Ecosphere

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Extrinsic mortality impinging on negative density‐dependent populations can result in no change in the number of survivors (compensation) or an increase (overcompensation) by releasing the population from density‐dependent effects on survivorship. The relationship between the level of extrinsic mortality (i.e., percentage of mortality) and the level and likelihood of overcompensation is theoretically important, but rarely investigated. We tested the hypothesis that overcompensation occurs below a threshold value of extrinsic mortality that is related to density‐dependent mortality rate and that additive extrinsic mortality occurs above this threshold. This hypothesis predicts that survivorship vs. extrinsic mortality will (1) be best described by a two‐segmented model with a threshold; (2) have a slope >0 below the threshold; and (3) have a slope = −1 above the threshold. We also tested whether mortality imposed by real predators and random harvest have equivalent effects on adult production and whether magnitude of overcompensation is related to species sensitivity to density dependence. These hypotheses were tested in the container mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes triseriatus, and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Cohorts of 150 larvae were exposed to random harvest of 0–70% two days after hatch or to predation by 1–3 Mesocyclops longisetus (Crustacea: Copepoda). Overcompensation occurred in A. aegypti in a pattern consistent with predictions. Aedes triseriatus showed strong overcompensation but no evidence of a threshold, whereas A. albopictus and C. pipiens had survival consistent with compensatory mortality but no evidence of a threshold. Compared to random harvest, mortality from predation yielded greater adult production in A. aegypti and A. albopictus, lesser adult production in C. pipiens, and no difference in adult production in A. triseriatus. Our results are largely consistent with our hypothesis about overcompensation, with the caveat that thresholds for additive mortality appear to occur at very high levels of extrinsic mortality. Magnitudes of overcompensation for the three Aedes were inversely related to survival in the 0% mortality treatment, consistent with our hypothesis that overcompensation is related to sensitivity to density dependence. A broad range of extrinsic mortality levels can yield overcompensation, which may have practical implications for attempts to control pest populations.

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“…Because a is a standardized reproductive output of individuals at low population levels without densitydependent effects (i.e., maximum lifetime spawners per spawner), we expected that orders with greater fecundity and higher per-capita spawning biomass would have greater a values (Andersen et al 2008). As fecundity is only one part of the recruitment process, other factors that affect survival of juveniles, such as predation or habitat quality, could greatly affect reproductive output at low densities (Karatayev et al 2015). The fecundity values for the orders Pleuronectiformes and Scorpaeniformes are much less consistent, but fish belonging to those orders do generally have higher fecundities than members of the Salmoniformes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical analysis of taxonomic variation in intraspecific competition across fish species

Foss-Grant

Zipkin

Thorson

et al. 2016

Ecology

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The nature and intensity of intraspecific competition can vary greatly among taxa, yet similarities in these interactions can lead to similar population dynamics among related organisms. Variation along the spectrum of intraspecific competition, with contest and scramble competition as endpoints, leads to vastly different responses to population density. Here we investigated the diversity of intraspecific competition among fish species, predicting that functional forms of density-dependent reproduction would be conserved in related taxa. Using a hierarchical model that links stock-recruitment parameters among populations, species, and orders, we found that the strength of overcompensation, and therefore the type of intraspecific competition, is tightly clustered within taxonomic groupings, as species within an order share similar degrees of compensation. Specifically, species within the orders Salmoniformes and Pleuronectiformes exhibited density dependence indicative of scramble competition (overcompensation) while the orders Clupeiformes, Gadiformes, Perciformes, and Scorpaeniformes exhibited dynamics consistent with contest competition (compensation). Maximum potential recruitment also varied among orders, but with less clustering across species. We also tested whether stock-recruitment parameters correlated with maximum body length among species, but found no strong relationship. Our results suggest that much of the variation in the form of density-dependent reproduction among fish species may be predicted taxonomically due to evolved life history traits and reproductive behaviors.

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Racing through life: maturation rate plasticity regulates overcompensation and increases persistence

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

How can mortality increase population size? A test of two mechanistic hypotheses

How can mortality increase population size? A test of two mechanistic hypotheses

Finding the sweet spot: What levels of larval mortality lead to compensation or overcompensation in adult production?

Hierarchical analysis of taxonomic variation in intraspecific competition across fish species

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