Radar Signal Propagation and Detection Through Ice

Kofman, W.; Orosei, R.; Pettinelli, Elena

doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9642-2

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Planetary radar sounders have also been used, or are planned, to observe the subsurface and near-surface conditions of Mars, Earth's moon, comets and the icy moons of Jupiter (e.g. Seu and others, 2007; Jordan and others, 2009; Kofman and others, 2010; Bruzzone and others, 2013; Kofman and others, 2015; Patterson and others, 2017; Blankenship and others, 2018). Fully exploiting the valuable information from these data, such as ice-sheet bed topography, the distribution of subglacial water, the spatial variation of basal melt, the transition between frozen and thawed bed conditions, englacial temperature, histories of accumulation, flow, and the distribution of age in ice masses remains an active area of international research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Five decades of radioglaciology

et al. 2020

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Radar sounding is a powerful geophysical approach for characterizing the subsurface conditions of terrestrial and planetary ice masses at local to global scales. As a result, a wide array of orbital, airborne, ground-based, and in situ instruments, platforms and data analysis approaches for radioglaciology have been developed, applied or proposed. Terrestrially, airborne radar sounding has been used in glaciology to observe ice thickness, basal topography and englacial layers for five decades. More recently, radar sounding data have also been exploited to estimate the extent and configuration of subglacial water, the geometry of subglacial bedforms and the subglacial and englacial thermal states of ice sheets. Planetary radar sounders have observed, or are planned to observe, the subsurfaces and near-surfaces of Mars, Earth's Moon, comets and the icy moons of Jupiter. In this review paper, and the thematic issue of the Annals of Glaciology on ‘Five decades of radioglaciology’ to which it belongs, we present recent advances in the fields of radar systems, missions, signal processing, data analysis, modeling and scientific interpretation. Our review presents progress in these fields since the last radio-glaciological Annals of Glaciology issue of 2014, the context of their history and future prospects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Five decades of radioglaciology

et al. 2020

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“…Thus, these measurements could be reproduced with pure ice or ice‐dust mixtures with a different frequency range of measurement, temperature, and composition. This reproducibility is essential to make rigorous interpretation of observational data that have been or will be collected by GPR dedicated to icy subsurfaces [e.g., Kofman et al , ; Pettinelli et al , ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As radio waves interact with the different materials encountered at depth, GPRs can provide an electromagnetic image of subsurface structures. The GPR performance, related to the electromagnetic behavior of materials present in the propagation path, is controlled by the relative complex permittivity ε (hereafter permittivity) [e.g., Kofman et al , ; Ulaby and Long , ]. The permittivity is separated into two components:

ε^{'} + i ε^{′′}

.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the permittivity of controlled porous water ice-dust mixtures to support the radar exploration of icy bodies

Brouet

Neves

Sabouroux

et al. 2016

J. Geophys. Res. Planets

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The internal properties of porous and icy bodies in the solar system can be investigated by ground‐penetrating radars (GPRs), like the COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft which has sounded the interior of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko. Accurate constraints on the permittivity of icy media are needed for the interpretation of the data. We report novel permittivity measurements performed on water ice samples and icy mixtures with porosities in the 31–91% range. The measurements have been performed between 50 MHz and 2 GHz with a coaxial cell on a total of 38 samples with a good reproducibility. We used controlled procedures to produce fine‐grained and coarse‐grained ice samples with a mean diameter of 4.5 μm and 67 μm, respectively, and to prepare icy mixtures. The JSC‐1A lunar regolith simulant was used as the dust component in the mixtures. The results are focused on the real‐part ε′ of the permittivity, which constrains the phase velocity of the radio waves in low‐loss media. The values of ε′ show a nondispersive behavior and are within the range of 1.1 to 2.7. They decrease with the increasing porosity Φ according to E(1 − Φ), with E equal to about 3.13 for pure water ice, and in the 3.8–7.5 range for ice‐dust mixtures with a dust‐to‐ice volumetric ratio in the 0.1–2.8 range, respectively. These measurements are also relevant for radiometers operating in the millimeter‐submillimeter domains, as suggested by the nondispersive behavior of the mixtures and of the pure components.

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“…The knowledge of these properties is fundamental to accurately predict radar performance and to correctly process and interpret radar data. To understand the dielectric behavior of exotic icy materials like those detected or expected on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, we must start from what we know about terrestrial ices [ Kofman et al, ]. Despite the difference in thermodynamic conditions and origin, the similarity between terrestrial and solar system water ice is quite remarkable; for example, water ice is mainly present in its hexagonal form (ice Ih) on both Earth and the icy Galilean moons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric properties of Jovian satellite ice analogs for subsurface radar exploration: A review

Pettinelli

Cosciotti

Paolo

et al. 2015

Reviews of Geophysics

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The first European mission dedicated to the exploration of Jupiter and its icy moons (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer-JUICE) will be launched in 2022 and will reach its final destination in 2030. The main goals of this mission are to understand the internal structure of the icy crusts of three Galilean satellites (Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) and, ultimately, to detect Europa's subsurface ocean, which is believed to be the closest to the surface among those hypothesized to exist on these moons. JUICE will be equipped with the 9 MHz subsurface-penetrating radar RIME (Radar for Icy Moon Exploration), which is designed to image the ice down to a depth of 9 km. Moreover, a parallel mission to Europa, which will host onboard REASON (Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface) equipped with 9MHz and 60MHz antennas, has been recently approved by NASA. The success of these experiments strongly relies on the accurate prediction of the radar performance and on the optimal processing and interpretation of radar echoes that, in turn, depend on the dielectric properties of the materials composing the icy satellite crusts. In the present review we report a complete range of potential ice types that may occur on these icy satellites to understand how they may affect the results of the proposed missions. First, we discuss the experimental results on pure and doped water ice in the framework of the Jaccard theory, highlighting the critical aspects in terms of a lack of standard laboratory procedures and inconsistency in data interpretation. We then describe the dielectric behavior of extraterrestrial ice analogs like hydrates and icy mixtures, carbon dioxide ice and ammonia ice. Building on this review, we have selected the most suitable data to compute dielectric attenuation, velocity, vertical resolution, and reflection coefficients for such icy moon environments, with the final goal being to estimate the potential capabilities of the radar missions as a function of the frequency and temperature ranges of interest for the subsurface sounders. We present the different subsurface scenarios and associated radar signal attenuation models that have been proposed so far to simulate the structure of the crust of Europa and discuss the physical and geological nature of various dielectric targets potentially detectable with RIME. Finally, we briefly highlight several unresolved issues that should be addressed, in near future, to improve our capability to produce realistic electromagnetic models of icy moon crusts. The present review is of interest for the geophysical exploration of all solar system bodies, including the Earth, where ice can be present at the surface or at relatively shallow depths.

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Radar Signal Propagation and Detection Through Ice

Cited by 18 publications

References 55 publications

Five decades of radioglaciology

Five decades of radioglaciology

Characterization of the permittivity of controlled porous water ice-dust mixtures to support the radar exploration of icy bodies

Dielectric properties of Jovian satellite ice analogs for subsurface radar exploration: A review

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