Radio Communication Model for Underwater WSN

Uribe, C.; Grote, Walter

doi:10.1109/ntms.2009.5384789

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We set the transmission power P t · B as 10 dBm. It has been reported in [42] that the power of underwater magnetic noise at MHz band is around -140 dBm. However, considering the underwater environment has relatively low background noise level, we set the noise power N n · B as -100 dBm in this paper to guarantee the performance in much worse scenarios.…”

Section: Channel Characteristics Of M 2 I Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^2\text{I}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: Channel Modeling for Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communications

Guo

Sun

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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Magnetic Induction (MI) communication technique has shown great potentials in complex and RF-challenging environments, such as underground and underwater, due to its advantage over EM wave-based techniques in penetrating lossy medium. However, the transmission distance of MI techniques is limited since magnetic field attenuates very fast in the near field. To this end, this paper proposes Metamaterial-enhanced Magnetic Induction (M 2 I) communication mechanism, where a MI coil antenna is enclosed by a metamaterial shell that can enhance the magnetic fields around the MI transceivers. As a result, the M 2 I communication system can achieve tens of meters communication range by using pocket-sized antennas. In this paper, an analytical channel model is developed to explore the fundamentals of the M 2 I mechanism, in the aspects of communication range and channel capacity, and the susceptibility to various hostile and complex environments. The theoretical model is validated through the finite element simulation software, Comsol Multiphysics. Proof-of-concept experiments are also conducted to validate the feasibility of M 2 I. Index TermsMetamaterial-enhanced Magnetic Induction, Wireless Communications, RF-challenging Environments.I. Introduction Despite the presence of wireless connectivity in most terrestrial scenarios, there are still many hostile and complex environments that cannot be covered by existing wireless communication techniques, including underground, underwater, oil reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, nuclear plants, pipelines, tunnels, and concrete buildings. Wireless networks in such environments can enable important applications in environmental, industrial, homeland security, and military fields, such as monitoring and maintenance of groundwater and/or oil reservoirs [1], or damage assessment and mitigation in nuclear plants [2], among others. However, the harsh wireless channels prevent the direct usage of conventional electromagnetic (EM) wave-based techniques due to the high material absorption when penetrating lossy media.Among potential solutions, the Magnetic Induction (MI) technique has shown great potentials in underground [3] and underwater [4] environments. In a MI communication system, the HF band magnetic field generated by a MI transmitter coil is utilized as the signal carrier [5]. Since most natural media have the same magnetic permeability as air, MI keeps the same performance in most materials. Even in lossy media like groundwater, the MI path loss caused by skin depth can be minimized since MI communication is realized within one wavelength from the transmitter [6]. In addition, MI does not suffer from the multipath fading problem in EM wave-based solutions [4]. However, MI systems depend on the magnetic field generated by the transceivers in the near field, which attenuates very fast. Consequently, the range of MI communication is very limited.To this end, we introduce metamaterials to MI communications, which can manipulate and enhance the magnetic fields transmitted and...

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Section: Channel Characteristics Of M 2 I Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^2\text{I}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: Channel Modeling for Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communications

Guo

Sun

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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“…If electromagnetic waves work in water, it will provide high data rates of 10mbps by using a highly complex antenna. But electromagnetic waves are highly affected by signal attenuation and electromagnetic interference [33] [29].…”

Section: E Available Transmission Medium For Uwsnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle Adjustment for Vertical and Diagonal Communication in Underwater Sensor

Anum¹,

Ali²,

Akbar³

et al. 2020

IJACSA

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Underwater wireless sensor network has been an area of interest for a few previous decades. UWSNs consists of tiny sensors responsible for monitoring different underwater events and transmit the collected data to the sink node. In the harsh and continuously changing environment of water, gaining better communication and performance is a difficult task as compared to networks available on land because of different underwater characteristics such as end-to-end delays, node movement, and energy constraints. In this paper, a novel routing technique named angle adjustment for vertical and diagonal communication was proposed, which doesn't use any location information of nodes. It is also efficient in terms of energy and end-to-end delays. In this approach, the source node evaluates the flooding zone based on the angle by using the basic formula for forwarding the packet to the sink. After evaluating the flooding zone, the angles of each node are compared and the packet is sent to the node closest to the vertical line. The proposed approach is evaluated with the help of NS-2 with AquaSim. The results show better results performance in data delivery, end-to-end delays, and energy consumption than DBR.

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“…However, it is in shallow waters where acoustic systems show much worse performance [1] [2]. Underwater acoustic suffers from its low speed (1500 m/s) while the restricted operating frequencies limit the bandwidth and therefore the data rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental testbed for seawater channel characterization

Mena-Rodríguez

Dorta-Naranjo

Quintana

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Third Underwater Communications and Networking Conference (UComms)

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Abstract-Shallow seawaters are problematic for acoustic and optical communications. Sensor networks based on electromagnetic (EM) communications are evaluated in this environment. In order to characterize the subaquatic channel, several measurement systems have been designed, built and tested in the sea obtaining very reliable results. Experiments carried out with dipoles and loop antennas showed serious disagreement with the state of the art, especially when dipole antennas are used. Dipoles performance was poor while magnetic loops showed relevant results. Measurement system is described in detail and real attenuation of the subaquatic channel is obtained for several distances and antennas. Finally, measured and simulated results are compared with good agreement.

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Radio Communication Model for Underwater WSN

Cited by 55 publications

References 13 publications

<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^2\text{I}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: Channel Modeling for Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communications

<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^2\text{I}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: Channel Modeling for Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communications

Angle Adjustment for Vertical and Diagonal Communication in Underwater Sensor

Experimental testbed for seawater channel characterization

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