Radio Observations of Four Active Galactic Nuclei Hosting Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates: Studying the Outflow Activity and Evolution

Yang, Xiaolong; Mohan, Prashanth; Yang, Jun; Ho, Luis C.; Aditya, J. N. H. S.; Zhang, Shaohua; Jaiswal, Sumit; Yang, Xiaolong

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9e9d

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Nagar et al 2001). Furthermore, these dwarf AGNs have bolometric luminosities 𝐿 bol < ∼ 10 43 erg s −1 (Yang et al 2022b) and thus are low-luminosity AGNs (e.g. Ho 2008).…”

Section: Implications From Vlbi-detected Dwarf Agnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an optically selected sample, it has a median distance of 20 Mpc and no significant radio bias. In the plot, we have also added SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 as a red point and four dwarf AGNs detected by Yang et al (2022b) with the VLBA at 1.55 GHz in the sample of Ho et al (1997). The four dwarf AGNs show a relatively compact morphology on pc scales and likely represent ejecta from their IMBH jet activity.…”

Section: Strong Evidence For Episodic Large-scale and Powerful Imbh J...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the population of the low-luminosity AGNs (e.g. Nagar et al 2005;Panessa & Giroletti 2013), they have relatively high accretion rates, the Eddington ratio 𝐿 bol /𝐿 Edd > ∼ 0.001 (Baldassare et al 2017;Yang et al 2022b), mainly because of their extremely low BH masses. Therefore, these dwarf AGNs appear to be consistent with the broad statistical relation (Laor et al 2019;Yang et al 2020c;Chen et al 2022) stipulating that AGNs with the higher accretion rates have the steeper radio spectra.…”

Section: Implications From Vlbi-detected Dwarf Agnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red point shows our target source SDSS J090613.77+561015.2. The four orange points plot four dwarf AGNs reported by Greene & Ho (2007) and detected by Yang et al (2022b) with the VLBA at 1.55 GHz.…”

Section: Implications From Vlbi-detected Dwarf Agnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations have also revealed some relatively compact features very likely linked to jet and outflow activity in some sources, e.g. NGC 4395 (Wrobel et al 2001;Wrobel & Ho 2006;Yang et al 2022a), Henize 2-10 (Ulvestad et al 2007Reines & Deller 2012;Nyland et al 2017;Schutte & Reines 2022), SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 (Yang et al 2020b) and four low-mass galaxies (Yang et al 2022b). There are also a few off-centre IMBH candidates reported in a sample of dwarf galaxies with Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations (Reines et al 2020;Bellovary et al 2021;Sargent et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermediate-mass black holes: finding of episodic, large-scale and powerful jet activity in a dwarf galaxy

Yang¹,

Paragi²,

Frey³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Dwarf galaxies are characterised by a very low luminosity and low mass. Because of significant accretion and ejection activity of massive black holes, some dwarf galaxies also host low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In a few dwarf AGNs, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations have found faint non-thermal radio emission. SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 is a dwarf AGN owning an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) with a mass of 𝑀 BH = 3.6 +5.9 −2.3 × 10 5 𝑀 and showing a rarely-seen two-component radio structure in its radio nucleus. To further probe their nature, i.e. the IMBH jet activity, we performed additional deep observations with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.66 GHz and 4.99 GHz. We find the more diffuse emission regions and structure details. These new EVN imaging results allow us to reveal a two-sided jet morphology with a size up to about 150 mas (projected length ∼140 pc) and a radio luminosity of about 3 × 10 38 erg s −1 . The peak feature has an optically thin radio spectrum and thus more likely represents a relatively young ejecta instead of a jet base. The EVN study on SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 demonstrates the existence of episodic, relatively large-scale and powerful IMBH jet activity in dwarf AGNs. Moreover, we collected a small sample of VLBI-detected dwarf AGNs and investigated their connections with normal AGNs. We notice that these radio sources in the dwarf AGNs tend to have steep spectra and small linear sizes, and possibly represent ejecta from scaled-down episodic jet activity.

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“…Nagar et al 2001). Furthermore, these dwarf AGNs have bolometric luminosities 𝐿 bol < ∼ 10 43 erg s −1 (Yang et al 2022b) and thus are low-luminosity AGNs (e.g. Ho 2008).…”

Section: Implications From Vlbi-detected Dwarf Agnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strong Evidence For Episodic Large-scale and Powerful Imbh J...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications From Vlbi-detected Dwarf Agnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications From Vlbi-detected Dwarf Agnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Intermediate-mass black holes: finding of episodic, large-scale and powerful jet activity in a dwarf galaxy

Yang¹,

Paragi²,

Frey³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Intermediate-mass black holes: finding of episodic, large-scale, and powerful jet activity in a dwarf galaxy

Yang

Paragi

Frey

et al. 2023

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Dwarf galaxies are characterised by a very low luminosity and low mass. Because of significant accretion and ejection activity of massive black holes, some dwarf galaxies also host low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In a few dwarf AGNs, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations have found faint non-thermal radio emission. SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 is a dwarf AGN owning an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) with a mass of $M_\mathrm{BH} = 3.6^{+5.9}_{-2.3}\times 10^5 M_{\odot }$ and showing a rarely-seen two-component radio structure in its radio nucleus. To further probe their nature, i.e. the IMBH jet activity, we performed additional deep observations with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.66 GHz and 4.99 GHz. We find the more diffuse emission regions and structure details. These new EVN imaging results allow us to reveal a two-sided jet morphology with a size up to about 150 mas (projected length ∼140 pc) and a radio luminosity of about 3 × 1038 erg s−1. The peak feature has an optically thin radio spectrum and thus more likely represents a relatively young ejecta instead of a jet base. The EVN study on SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 demonstrates the existence of episodic, relatively large-scale and powerful IMBH jet activity in dwarf AGNs. Moreover, we collected a small sample of VLBI-detected dwarf AGNs and investigated their connections with normal AGNs. We notice that these radio sources in the dwarf AGNs tend to have steep spectra and small linear sizes, and possibly represent ejecta from scaled-down episodic jet activity.

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Intermediate-Mass Black Holes: The Essential Population to Explore the Unified Model for Accretion and Ejection Processes

Yang

2023

Galaxies

Self Cite

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We study radio and X-ray emissions from intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) and explore the unified model for accretion and ejection processes. The radio band survey of IMBH (candidate) hosted galaxies indicates that only a small fraction (∼0.6%) of them are radio-band active. In addition, very long baseline interferometry observations reveal parsec-scale radio emission of IMBHs, further resulting in a lower fraction of actively ejecting objects (radio emission is produced by IMBHs other than hosts), which is consistent with a long quiescent state in the evolution cycle of IMBHs. Most (75%, i.e., 3 out of 4 samples according to a recent mini-survey) of the radio-emitting IMBHs are associated with radio relics and there is also evidence of dual radio blobs from episodic ejecting phases. Taking the radio emission and the corresponding core X-ray emission of IMBH, we confirm a universal fundamental plane relation (FMP) of black hole activity. Furthermore, state transitions can be inferred by comparing a few cases in XRBs and IMBHs in FMP, i.e., both radio luminosity and emission regions evolve along these state transitions. These signatures and evidence suggest an analogy among all kinds of accretion systems which span from stellar mass to supermassive black holes, hinting at unified accretion and ejection physics. To validate the unified model, we explore the correlation between the scale of outflows (corresponding to ejection powers) and the masses of central engines; it shows that the largest scale of outflows LS^out follows a power-law correlation with the masses of accretors Mcore, i.e., logLS^out=(0.73±0.01)logMcore−(3.34±0.10). In conclusion, this work provides evidence to support the claim that the ejection (and accretion) process behaves as scale-invariant and their power is regulated by the masses of accretors.

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Radio Observations of Four Active Galactic Nuclei Hosting Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates: Studying the Outflow Activity and Evolution

Cited by 8 publications

References 103 publications

Intermediate-mass black holes: finding of episodic, large-scale and powerful jet activity in a dwarf galaxy

Intermediate-mass black holes: finding of episodic, large-scale and powerful jet activity in a dwarf galaxy

Intermediate-mass black holes: finding of episodic, large-scale, and powerful jet activity in a dwarf galaxy

Intermediate-Mass Black Holes: The Essential Population to Explore the Unified Model for Accretion and Ejection Processes

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