Radio wave probing of the ionosphere by the partial reflection of radio waves (from heights below 100 km)

Belrose, J. S.

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(70)90209-6

Cited by 84 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…With this very high peak power, they reported finding echoes from 15 to 35 and from 52 to 100 km during their brief experiment. Belrose (1970) does report the ability to measure electron densities in the 40 to 80 km height region during times of abnormally high ionization, and Holdsworth and Reid (1997) report measurements from 52 km upwards, so there is some additional evidence to support their observations. The Czechowsky et al result for echoes below 40 km does not appear to have been replicated since, and there are potential complications because of range aliasing, but the results are interesting enough to justify repeating the experiment.…”

Section: Mf/hf Radar: Strengths and Weaknessesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The ordinary (O) and extraordinary (E or X) magnetoionic components each suffer different amplitude and phase variations with height due to the height variations in electron density (N e ) and collision frequency (v) (e.g., Thrane and Piggott 1966;Friedrich and Torkar 1983;Holdsworth et al 2002;Vuthaluru et al 2002), and this was exploited by Gardner and Pawsey to measure the electron densities. The technique they used was the foundation of the differential absorption experiment (DAE) and differential phase experiment (DPE), amongst the few techniques capable of providing regular ground-based measurements of electron density in the mesosphere (for reviews, see Belrose 1970;Manson and Meek 1984). They also found that the ionization had a tendency to form in strata near 70 and 90 km.…”

Section: Brief Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are the LF ionospheric drift experiment (see Sprenger and Schminder 1969;Jacobi 2014) which used transmitters of opportunity, in the form of commercial broadcast radio transmitters, and the "partial reflection experiment" (PRE) radar for measuring electron densities which was established near Tromsø, Norway in 1975 (see Brekke et al 1985). This radar was the last of the large dedicated instruments for measuring electron densities in the lower ionosphere (see Belrose 1970 for a summary of instruments existing at that time). The Tromsø radar now operates in modified form as an MF SA FCA radar (e.g., Hall 2000).…”

Section: Mf and Hf Radar Techniques For The Mlt Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of this technique was an active area of research until the early 1980s (see e.g., Belrose 1970;von Biel 1977;Manson and Meek 1984). The technique provides a coarse measure of the electron density, but relative changes in electron density can be closely monitored.…”

Section: Differential Absorption Experiment/differential Phase Experimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Reid

2015

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The application of medium-frequency (MF) and high-frequency (HF) partial reflection radar to investigate the neutral upper atmosphere is one of the oldest such techniques still regularly in use. The techniques have been continuously improved and remain a robust and reliable method of obtaining wind velocities, turbulence intensities, electron densities, and measurements of atmospheric structure in the mesosphere lower thermosphere (MLT) region (50 to 110 km). In this paper, we review recent developments, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, and consider possible improvements.

show abstract

Section: Mf/hf Radar: Strengths and Weaknessesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Brief Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mf and Hf Radar Techniques For The Mlt Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differential Absorption Experiment/differential Phase Experimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Reid

2015

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These radars are also sensitive to scattering particles (precipitation). These scattering mechanisms (Bragg, Fresnel and Raleigh) have been studied by some of the investigators (Booker and Gorden, 1950;Chisholm et al, 1955;Probert-Jones, 1962;Lane and Sollum, 1965;Hardy et al, 1966;Kropfli et al, 1968;Lane, 1969;Belrose, 1970;Evans, 1974;Gage and Green, 1978;Röttger and Liu, 1978;Fukao et al, 1978;Röttger and Vincent, 1978) from the observed radar echo power. Moreover, the contribution of water vapour to n is more for radio waves than for optical frequencies (Battan, 1973), particularly in the lower atmosphere up to 10 km.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of temperature and humidity from MST radar observations

Mohan

Rao

et al. 2001

Ann. Geophys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.Retrieval of vertical profiles of temperature and humidity parameters using a VHF radar is described in this paper. For this, Indian MST radar located at Gadanki (13.5• N, 79.2 • E) has been operated in a special mode. First, vertical velocities are collected continuously using the radar and are subjected to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis to obtain Brunt-Väisälä oscillations. From the measured BruntVäisälä oscillations, temperature profile is obtained from the radar observations following Revathy et al. (1996). The various terms required for the retrieval of vertical profiles of humidity are the eddy dissipation rate, ε, the volume reflectivity, η, and the potential refractive index gradient, M . The eddy dissipation rate, ε, is calculated from the spectral width after removing the effects due to non-turbulence. The volume reflectivity, η, of the turbulence scattering is calculated using the signal-to-noise ratio as a function of height. The potential refractive index gradient, M , is evaluated using the measured Brunt-Väisälä oscillations, the eddy dissipation rate and the volume reflectivity, η. Vertical profiles of humidity are retrieved following Tsuda (1997) using the radar derived temperature as well as the balloon measured temperature and are compared with the humidity as measured by the radiosonde. The sign of the potential refractive index gradient, M , is taken from the simultaneous measurements of balloon soundings. The retrieved vertical profiles of temperature and humidity have been compared with the radiosonde data, which are released simultaneously with the radar observations at the radar site. A fairly good comparison is seen between the two measurements on some days and there are some discrepancies on some other days. The strengths and limitations in estimating the vertical profiles of temperature and humidity from the radar observations are discussed.

show abstract

Exploiting LF/MF signals of opportunity for lower ionospheric remote sensing

Higginson‐Rollins

Cohen

2017

Geophysical Research Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We introduce a method to diagnose and track the D region ionosphere (60–100 km). This region is important for long‐distance terrestrial communication and is impacted by a variety of geophysical phenomena, but it is traditionally very difficult to detect. Modern remote sensing methods used to study the D region are predominately near the very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) band, with some work also done in the high‐frequency and very high frequency bands (HF/VHF, 3–300 MHz). However, the frequency band between VLF and HF has been largely ignored as a diagnostic tool for the ionosphere. In this paper, we evaluate the use of 300 kHz radio reflections as a diagnostic tool for characterizing the D region of the ionosphere. We present radio receiver data, analyze diurnal trends in the signal from these transmitters, and identify ionospheric disturbances impacting LF/MF propagation. We find that 300 kHz remote sensing may allow a unique method for D region diagnostics compared to both the VLF and HF/VHF frequency bands, due to a more direct ionospheric reflection coefficient calculation method with high temporal resolution without the use of forward modeling.

show abstract

Radio wave probing of the ionosphere by the partial reflection of radio waves (from heights below 100 km)

Cited by 84 publications

References 28 publications

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

MF and HF radar techniques for investigating the dynamics and structure of the 50 to 110 km height region: a review

Estimation of temperature and humidity from MST radar observations

Exploiting LF/MF signals of opportunity for lower ionospheric remote sensing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About