Radiographic study of skin displacement errors in the foot and ankle during standing

Quantification of soft tissue artifact in lower limb human motion analysis: A systematic review

“…Many articles had limited sample size description, and statistical analysis. In nine of the reviewed articles [8,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], findings were not clearly supported by the literature and in six, limitations were not clearly described [5,8,25,[31][32][33]. Meta-analysis was not used in this systematic review because the articles did not provide a sufficient number of similar studies of the same lower limb site.…”

“…Thirteen articles used 3D stereophotogrammetry [5,6,8,[23][24][25][26][27]32,34,[36][37][38] and one article [35] used 2D video motion analysis techniques for primary motion capture. The remaining articles used Fluoroscopy [29,31,33], X-ray radiographs [28,30] and MRI [39] for both primary motion capture and a gold standard comparison. Thirteen of the reviewed articles [5,6,8,23,25,28,30,32,[34][35][36][37][38] reported the use of physically invasive gold standard techniques such as intra-cortical bone pins or X-ray radiation.…”

A multi-segment foot model based on anatomically registered technical coordinate systems: Method repeatability in pediatric feet

“…Consequently, they can be placed freely on the segment of interest to accommodate anatomical deformities and optimize motion camera visibility during walking. Observations about skin motion relative to underlying bone were taken into account while choosing technical marker locations [14][15][16][17]. Points with potentially large skin motion artifact, such as near tendons or plantar fat pads, were acceptable for static anatomical landmarks and were avoided for technical markers.…”

“…Some investigations have questioned the reliability of foot bone tracking from external markers because of skin movement [14][15][16][17]. However, Tranberg et al [17] reported very small displacements of skin markers on the foot.…”

The effect of posture on the osseous relations in the foot

“…To avoid unnecessary radiation, markers were placed on the skin and digitally photographed. The validity and reliability of skin markers in representing the skeletal movement have been questioned [19,[26][27][28][29][30]. Discrepancies between the skeletal movement and skin markers could be caused by the attachment method [19,26,27,29] or placing the markers nonweightbearing [30], However, Nester et al compared skin versus bone anchored markers and stated that there were differences between the methods but these were smaller than the individual bone motion and motion of a rigid segment containing that bone [29].…”