Radiological evaluation of the styloid process length in the normal population

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the styloid process (SP) length in the normal population using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 4: 318-321)

Eagle syndrome. A narrative review

“…1,8,9,32 However, other authors, in current studies, indicate that the length of the styloid is variable. 4,29,30,31 They agree that a styloid process exceeding 30mm should be considered elongated.…”

“…This syndrome has three historical periods: the first one began 364 years ago with the first report of ossification of the stylohyoid process reported by Marchetti in 1652. 7,8,10,19,23 Two centuries later, in 1852, Demanchetis [28][29][30]32 and reported two cases related to an abnormal styloid process with pharyngeal and facial symptoms caused by irritation of the carotids. The second period corresponds to the development of radiographic diagnosis, when Grossman correlates pains of the stylohyoid complex, including dysphagia, otalgia, estilalgia, headache, pain in the temporomandibular joint, and various forms of facial pain, with elongation of styloid process.…”

“…For the nonsurgical treatment there is no real positive long-term effect and after 6 to 12 months, the symptoms reappear. 8,9,12,16,17,18,20,28,30,32,37,41 Eagle syndrome. A narrative review.…”

“…Pain is caused by the elongation of the styloid process and by the partial or total calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The group consisting of the styloid process and the stylohyoid ligament is called "stylohyoid complex", [16][17][18] which has its embryonic origin in the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch or hyoid arch (Reichert's cartilage). [19][20][21][22][23][24] ES is part of musculoskeletal disorders related to the temporomandibular joint; masticatory and cervical muscles as well as associated structures.…”

“…[19][20][21][22][23][24] ES is part of musculoskeletal disorders related to the temporomandibular joint; masticatory and cervical muscles as well as associated structures. 1,8 Diagnosis of ES is made by clinical and radiographic methods. [25][26][27] However, ES is frequently underdiagnosed due to its low prevalence and inadequate knowledge of craniofacial and cervico-pharyngeal syndromes.…”