Radon and metallic aerosols emanation before strong earthquakes and their role in atmosphere and ionosphere modification

Пулинец, С. А.; Алексеев, В. А.; Legen’ka, A. D.; Khegai, V. V.

doi:10.1016/s0273-1177(97)00666-2

Cited by 86 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The enhancement in number density of charged aerosols by one-two orders and the increase in atmosphere radioactivity level by the injection of radon and other radioactive substances are observed during days and weeks before an EQ (Alekseev & Alekseeva, 1992;Virk & Singh, 1994;Voitov & Dobrovolsky, 1994;Heinke et al, 1995;Pulinets et al, 1997;Yasuoka et al, 2006Yasuoka et al, , 2012Omori et al, 2007;Biagi, 2009). Data on injection of the soil gases such as radon, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide in the surface atmosphere with horizontal spatial scale of 500 km during from several hours to several weeks before an EQ have been reported by King (1986).…”

Section: Penetration Of DC Electric Field Into the Ionospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

Сорокин¹,

Hayakawa²

2013

MAS

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This paper reviews modeling of the influence of earthquake (EQ) preparation processes on the ionosphere through the electric field and electric current occurring in the global atmosphere-ionosphere electric circuit. Our consideration is based on the satellite-and ground-based experimental data of electric fields, plasma and electromagnetic perturbations obtained for several days before an EQ. We have ruled out the models which are not consistent with the experimental data on the electric fields in the ionosphere and also on the ground surface. There has then been proposed a new model of the generation of electric field on the basis of injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere, and we discuss the mechanism of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. It is then shown that such changes in the electric field within the ionosphere induce a variety of plasma and electromagnetic phenomena associated with an impending EQ.

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Section: Penetration Of DC Electric Field Into the Ionospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

Сорокин¹,

Hayakawa²

2013

MAS

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“…Injection of charges into the lower atmosphere has been widely discussed in connection with ionospheric perturbations. The source of the charges is generally assumed to radon released prior to earthquakes (Liperovsky et al, 2000;Ondoh, 2003;Pulinets and Boyarchuk, 2004;Pulinets et al, 1997;Sorokin et al, 2001), but the stress-activation of pholes at depth and their appearance at the Earth's surface offers a much broader interpretation. It removes the uncertainty that, while changes in radon emission are quite often observed, they are not a nhess-2007-0044-fig2 Fig.…”

Section: Air Ionization Corona Discharges Atmospheric Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-earthquake signals – Part II: Flow of battery currents in the crust

Freund

2007

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. When rocks are subjected to stress, dormant electronic charge carriers are activated. They turn the stressed rock volume into a battery, from where currents can flow out. The charge carriers are electrons and defect electrons, also known as positive holes or pholes for short. The boundary between stressed and unstressed rock acts as a potential barrier that lets pholes pass but blocks electrons. One can distinguish two situations in the Earth's crust: (i) only pholes spread out of a stressed rock volume into the surrounding unstressed rocks. This is expected to lead to a positive surface charge over a wide area around the future epicenter, to perturbations in the ionosphere, to stimulated infrared emission from the ground, to ionization of the near-ground air, to cloud formation and to other phenomena that have been reported to precede major earthquakes. (ii) both pholes and electrons flow out of the stressed rock volume along different paths, sideward into the relatively cool upper layers of the crust and downward into the hot lower crust. This situation, which is likely to be realized late in the earthquake preparation process, is necessary for the battery circuit to close and for transient electric currents to flow. If burst-like, these currents should lead to the emission of low frequency electromagnetic radiation. Understanding how electronic charge carriers are stress-activated in rocks, how they spread or flow probably holds the key to deciphering a wide range of pre-earthquake signals. It opens the door to a global earthquake early warning system, provided resources are pooled through a concerted and constructive community effort, including seismologists, with international participation.

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“…Extensive studies in this field (Pulinets, 1997(Pulinets, , 2004Liperovsky et al, 2000;Ouzounov and Freund, 2001; Kouris et al, 2001;Molchanov et al, 2004; Correspondence to: G. S. Tsolis (strantis@gmail.gr) Namgaladze et al, 2009), all point to the conclusion that the Earth's lithosphere interacts with the atmosphere prior to a strong seismic event, resulting in the generation of an anomalous electric field that affects the electron content of the ionosphere. However, the seismo-ionospheric interaction is considered a local event, meaning that only a certain area over the ground is affected by the earthquake, and its size is a function of the magnitude of the event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A qualitative study of the seismo-ionospheric precursors prior to the 6 April 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy

Tsolis

Xenos

2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In this paper we use the Cross Correlation analysis method in conjunction with the Empirical Mode Decomposition to analyze foF2 signals collected from Rome, Athens and San Vito ionospheric stations, in order to verify the existence of seismo-ionospheric precursors prior to M=6.3 L'Aquila earthquake in Italy. The adaptive nature of EMD allows for removing the geophysical noise from the foF2 signals, and then to calculate the correlation coefficient between them. According to the cross correlation coefficient theory, we expect the stations which located inside the earthquake preparation area, as evaluated using Dobrovolsky equation, to capture the ionospheric disturbances generated by the seismic event. On the other hand the stations outside of this area are expected to remain unaffected. The results of our study are in accordance with the theoretical model, evidencing ionospheric modification prior to L'Aquila earthquake in a certain area around the epicenter. However, it was found that the selection of stations at the limits of the theoretically estimated earthquake preparation area is not the best choice when the cross correlation method is applied, since the modification of the ionosphere over these stations may not be enough for the ionospheric precursors to appear. Our experimental results also show that when a seismic event constitutes the main shock after a series of pre-seismic activity, precursors may appear as early as 22 days prior to the event.

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Radon and metallic aerosols emanation before strong earthquakes and their role in atmosphere and ionosphere modification

Cited by 86 publications

References 1 publication

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

Pre-earthquake signals – Part II: Flow of battery currents in the crust

A qualitative study of the seismo-ionospheric precursors prior to the 6 April 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy

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