Rail Transportation of Toxic Inhalation Hazards: Policy Responses to the Safety and Security Externality

Branscomb, Lewis M.; Fagan, Mark; Auerswald, Philip E.; Ellis, Ryan; Barcham, R.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2397482

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It is estimated that Cl 2 accounts for 84% of the total TIHs transported every year. 9,165 The train derailment incident in Graniteville, SC in 2005 is considered one of the largest transportation accidents in the United States. 7,166,167 A relatively small number of people were exposed in this event; however, an intentional terrorist attack could result in a huge death toll.…”

Section: Chlorine Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…169,170 In a worst-case scenario, up to 100,000 deaths may be expected if a chlorine gas tank car on the rail line that passes near the Capitol Mall in Washington, DC is attacked during a major public event. 9 Cl 2 causes a spectrum of clinical symptoms depending on the concentration of Cl 2 and the duration of exposure. 10,[171][172][173] White and Martin summarized the clinical manifestations of exposure of the pulmonary system to Cl 2 .…”

Section: Chlorine Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accidental exposure to Cl 2 in domestic and occupation settings is another big concern. It is estimated that Cl 2 accounts for 84% of the total TIHs transported every year 9,165 . The train derailment incident in Graniteville, SC in 2005 is considered one of the largest transportation accidents in the United States 7,166,167 .…”

Section: Pulmonary Chemical Threat Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Most of the railroads pass through densely populated cities, and accidental derailment could pose a great risk to the civilian population. 9 Chemical weapons are defined as toxic chemicals and their precursors; munitions and devices; and any equipment specifically designed for use directly in connection with such weapons. Overall, chemical warfare agents caused more casualties and deaths in human history compared with biological and radiological warfare agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports from the Association of American Railroads reveal that over 100,000 tank carloads of toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) chemicals are transported annually 8 . Most of the railroads pass through densely populated cities, and accidental derailment could pose a great risk to the civilian population 9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets

Achanta

Jordt

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The lung is highly sensitive to chemical injuries caused by exposure to threat agents in industrial or transportation accidents, occupational exposures, or deliberate use as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). There are no antidotes for the majority of the chemical threat agents and toxic inhalation hazards despite their use as WMDs for more than a century. Among several putative targets, evidence for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as mediators of injury by various inhalational chemical threat agents is emerging. TRP channels are expressed in the respiratory system and are essential for homeostasis. Among TRP channels, the body of literature supporting essential roles for TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4 in pulmonary chemical injuries is abundant. TRP channels mediate their function through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. TRP channels play a crucial role in complex pulmonary pathophysiologic events including, but not limited to, increased intracellular calcium levels, signal transduction, recruitment of proinflammatory cells, neurogenic inflammatory pathways, cough reflex, hampered mucus clearance, disruption of the integrity of the epithelia, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of TRP channels in chemical threat agents-induced pulmonary injuries and how these channels may serve as medical countermeasure targets for broader indications.

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Section: Chlorine Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%